摘要
随着水利水电工程高水头、大流量泄水建筑物的大量兴建及工程结构趋于轻型化,水流诱发的结构振动问题将会更加突出,严重情况下就有可能造成结构损伤,甚至结构功能的失效。因此,开展基于泄流振动响应的水工结构损伤诊断与健康监测研究,对于保障泄流结构安全运行具有重大的现实意义。本论文结合工程实例,对泄流激励下的典型水工结构进行以下三个方面的反问题研究:
(一)泄流激励下水工结构工作模态参数辨识研究。针对原型动力试验激励难的问题,本文结合环境激励的特点,直接根据水工结构在工作环境激励作用下的动力响应去识别结构的模态参数。(1)提出一种利用特征矩阵奇异熵增量对动态系统进行系统定阶及对工作模态参数辨识的ERA方法,解决了动态系统定阶难的问题,揭示了结构在工作状态下的模态阶次及模态特性;(2)在SSI方法的基础上,提出用“三步法”流程对结构模态参数进行更为精确识别。即第一步,用奇异熵增量对系统进行定阶,使得定阶的界线更加清晰和稳定;第二步,利用改进的稳定图对虚假模态进行剔除,使得参数识别的结果更为准确可靠;第三步,将各阶模态参数识别结果进行平均处理,最终得到更为精确的识别结果;(3)对拉西瓦拱坝水弹性模型(1:100)、三峡溢流坝及其左导墙进行了大规模全面的正常运行状态下的振动测试,并将本文提出的基于泄流激励的模态参数识别理论应用到上述大型水工结构的工作模态参数识别中,对其工作性态进行评估。
(二)泄流激励下高拱坝振源时域识别研究。高坝泄流诱发坝体振动的振源识别一直是水利界所关心的课题之一。在对水工结构进行安全评估时,有必要通过有限个测点的动态响应,反分析作用于整个结构的激振源特性。本文在小波理论、结构动力学及随机振动理论的基础上,提出了一种基于小波正交算子变换的多振源反分析方法,并结合水工结构的特点,探讨了进行振源识别时所需注意的关键技术问题。以拉西瓦拱坝水弹性模型为研究对象,通过有限个测点的动位移实测值,反分析各等效激励荷载时程,进而对拉西瓦拱坝的流激振动进行全面评估,为拱坝结构的动态监测和损伤诊断提供了基础。
(三)泄流激励下水工结构损伤诊断研究。鉴于国内外学者对基于泄流振动响应的导墙及弧形闸门结构的损伤诊断研究尚处于空白,本文对这两类结构进行了如下研究:(1)提出了基于泄流振动响应的导墙损伤诊断方法,该方法较以往采用长期静态位移观测方法,可以更及时、准确地识别结构的整体安全性态,有其独特的优势;以某大型水电站导墙为研究背景,进行了基于泄流振动响应的损伤诊断,并提出了该导墙的频率安全监控指标。(2)以嘉陵江新政航电工程表孔双斜支臂弧形闸门为研究对象,提出了基于振动响应的弧形闸门框架多级损伤诊断方法。该方法集结构振动特性与神经网络及模式识别技术以及局部检测技术于一体,将组合信号指标作为RBF网络的输入,识别闸门框架的损伤位置与程度。研究表明,该损伤诊断方法具有良好的抗噪声能力和识别精度,为实现弧形闸门的在线状态检测与监测提供了新思路。
With the mass construction of hydraulic structure with high-head and large discharge,and with the trend of light-duty discharge structures, the problem of flow-induced vibration will become prominent,and in serious conditions the structure may be damaged and even be invalidated. So, study on damage diagnosis and health monitoring of hydraulic structure based on vibration response by discharge flow has practical significance for discharge flow structures. Combined with engineering in this paper,the inverse problems of typical hydraulic structures under discharge flow are researched in the following three aspects:
Firstly, study on working modal parameter identification of hydraulic structure under discharge flow. Aimed at the difficult problem of exciting the prototype to test, combined with the characteristic of ambient excitation, the modal parameter of structure is directly identified according to the dynamic response of structure under ambient excitation in the paper. (1) A method of order determination and ERA is proposed to identify modal parameters of structures under the working state,and the system order is determined by the increasement of singular entropy of eigenmatrix. It can be used to solve the problem of system eigenmatrix order determination, and to identify the modal order and reveal the characteristics. (2)Based on the SSI method, the process of“three step method”is put forward to make more precise identification. That is,firstly the increasement of singular entropy is used to determine the system order and make the borderline of order is clearer and more stable.Secondly, eliminating the false modal parameters by the improved stabilization diagram makes the outcomes more precise and credible.Thirdly, average the identified results of each order ,and get the more precise results. (3) A large-scale comprehensive prototype vibration tests to the hydroelastic model of Laxiwa arc dam, Spillway dam and Left guide wall of Three Gorges are carried out during the working state. And the modal parameter identification theory under discharge flow proposed in the paper is applied to the operational modal parameter identification of these large-scale hydraulic structures, and the operational behaviors of these hydraulic structures are evaluated.
Secondly, study on the time domain identification of excitation source for high arch dam under discharge flow. How to identify the excitation sources inducing vibration of high dam is one of the concerned problems for water conservancy. While the hydraulic structure is evaluated,it is necessary to inverse analyse the characteristicof excitation source acting on the whole structure through some observed dynamic response datum. Based on wavelet theory and dynamics and stochastic vibration theory,a inverse analysis method to identify multi-excitation sources is put forward using wavelet orthogonal operator transformation in this paper.According to the characteristic of hydraulic structure,the key technical problems to identify the sources are discussed. Based on the hydroelastic model of Laxiwa arc dam,the equivalent loads are computed depending on some dynamic observed displacements,and then the comprehensive evaluation aimed at flow-induced vibration of the dam is done.This provides the basis for dynamic monitoring and damage diagnosis of arc dam.
Thirdly, study on damage diagnosis of hydraulic structure under discharge flow. Aimed at the damage diagnosis of guide wall and radial gate under vibration response by discharge flow is blank in the world,the following study is carried out.(1) A method of damage diagnosis for guide wall based on vibration response by dischargeflow is put forward.This method can identify the whole safe state of structure timely and accurately comparing with the traditional method with long static observeddisplacement,and this method has particular advantages. Based on the vibration response of a guide wall under discharge flow,damage diagnosis is done and the frequency health monitoring index of the guide wall is put forward. (2)Based on the radial gate with double inclined arms of surface hole in the engineering of Xinzheng, a multilevel damage diagnosis method for radial gate is put forward. This method is a aggregation of vibration theory, neural networks and pattern identification,local test, and make the combined index as input data of RBF neural networks,and make the damaged locations and degree as output data. Study shows that the method has better function to denoise and precise identified results,and this provides a new way to online state testing and monitoring for radial gate.
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