摘要
氟离子普遍存在于水体,我国部分水体中氟含量远超过渔业水质标准,但氟离子对水生生物的影响研究尚少。
本研究应用生态毒理学原理,选取珍稀物种及重要养殖品种西伯利亚鲟为研究对象,针对不同生活史阶段,以污染物对受试生物的毒性试验为切入点,按照应激研究三级反应理论的技术路线,通过水体氟暴露和食源氟暴露,获取血液生化、离子调节、行为、生长、形态变化和组织氟含量等方面的数据,以软骨鱼类为特色,展开氟对鱼类的毒理学效应、积累、代谢规律研究,探讨鱼类在氟污染中的反应和适应策略,以期得到可适用于氟污染风险预警的终点指标,提出保护鱼类的水体和饲料氟浓度建议,为我国渔业甚至世界渔业水质和饲料标准的制定提供参考。同时,结合我国实际水体的氟含量,对氟对我国鱼类的生态学效应和健康影响进行预测,对高氟蛋白源替代鱼粉的可能性提供借鉴,同时氟在鲟鱼软骨的沉积将为人类消费鲟鱼软骨提供参考。其创新性研究结果归纳如下:
1.氟对西伯利亚鲟胚胎发育的影响
在水温17±1℃的条件下,采用半静态式生物毒性试验方法,探讨了水中氟离子对西伯利亚鲟胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,100-600mg/L浓度范围的氟暴露对胚胎发育有延迟效应,暴露组比对照组推迟孵化9-22小时。氟暴露同时导致各浓度组胚胎死亡率相比对照组显著增加,孵化率显著降低,出膜仔鱼畸形率显著升高,且氟离子暴露后的初孵仔鱼活力减弱,存活时间缩短。氟离子对西伯利亚鲟胚胎144小时半致死浓度(LC_(50))为447.61mg/L,孵化安全浓度为4.476 mg/L,导致仔鱼畸形的半数效应浓度为536 mg/L。氟对西伯利亚鲟胚胎安全质量浓度低于我国部分高氟地区地下水、地表水及人为氟污染水域中氟含量,提示天然水体的氟含量可能导致鱼类胚胎受到负面影响。
对氟离子暴露条件下西伯利亚鲟胚胎仔鱼发育进行了形态学观察,比较了众多观察终点的敏感性。西伯利亚鲟胚胎暴露于氟离子后,死亡率,半数孵化时间和仔鱼畸形率均表现出浓度效应,三者对氟毒性的敏感性相似。使用二元计数方法观察到的胚胎氟暴露导致初孵仔鱼异常主要有一,畸形,包括脊椎弯曲和囊肿,其中脊椎弯曲包括脊柱前弯、脊柱后弯和脊柱侧凸,囊肿包括心包囊肿和卵黄囊肿;二,尾巴变短,眼部充血等偶尔出现的特殊畸形症状。在各畸形特征中,心包囊肿最敏感。西伯利亚鲟胚胎在氟暴露后转移至清水,毒性表现出一定的延迟效应,其中仔鱼死亡率敏感性高于仔鱼体长、体重和特定生长率。将本试验各终点以其对毒物的敏感程度分等级,结果表明:出膜仔鱼总畸形率和延迟效应死亡率最敏感,其次为心包囊肿。建议将出膜仔鱼总畸形率和延迟效应体长作为氟对西伯利亚鲟毒性作用的毒性观察终点。
2.氟对西伯利亚鲟仔鱼急性毒性及安全浓度评价
在水温17±1℃的条件下,采用半静态式生物毒性试验方法研究了氟离子对西伯利亚鲟初孵仔鱼的急性毒性效应。结果表明氟暴露后仔鱼出现游动速度加快、失去平衡、呼吸减弱等中毒症状,且随着暴露浓度的升高与暴露时间的延长,死亡率逐渐增加,存在明显的的剂量效应关系及时间效应关系。氟对西伯利亚鲟初孵仔鱼48、72、96小时LC_(50)分别为1014.10mg/L、288.28mg/L和181.18mg/L。经计算得出氟对西伯利亚鲟初孵仔鱼安全质量浓度为1.81mg/L,低于我国部分高氟地区地下水、地表水及人为氟污染水域中氟含量。
3.氟对西伯利亚鲟稚鱼的急性毒性
本试验探讨了氟离子对西伯利亚鲟的急性毒性,旨在为其亚急性和慢性毒性研究奠定基础。西伯利亚鲟稚鱼两种规格分别为体长10.60±0.05cm,体重8.01±0.51g和体长17.21±0.91cm,体重39.35±3.57g。稚鱼暴露于低浓度氟后表现出兴奋,游速加快,然后游动恢复正常,而高浓度组首先游速加快后,在暴露后期游速减缓,失去平衡,趋向死亡。两种规格鱼对氟的半数致死浓度分别为125和200mg/L,安全浓度分别为1.25和2.00mg/L,表明鱼体大小对氟的毒性影响较大。
氟对西伯利亚鲟稚鱼(体长17.69±1.11cm,体重42.04±7.73g)的亚致死急性毒性效应试验结果表明,10mg/L与62.5mg/L氟暴露对西伯利亚鲟稚鱼血清中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和P的含量均没有显著影响。水中氟离子浓度达到125mg/L则显著影响西伯利亚鲟稚鱼血清中上述离子的含量,其中Ca~(2+)的含量是西伯利亚鲟稚鱼应对氟暴露变化最敏感的离子指标。
4.西伯利亚鲟对氟毒性的敏感时期确定及利用敏感时期研究氯和硬度对氟离子毒性的影响
本试验选取胚胎不同发育阶段、卵黄囊吸收阶段、开口阶段和仔稚鱼阶段的西伯利亚鲟作为急性毒性试验材料,尝试12小时毒物暴露方法,以确定氟对西伯利亚鲟毒性作用的敏感时期。结果表明胚胎阶段暴露12小时,LC_(50)＞600mg/L。胚胎孵化率数据显示卵裂期是胚胎受氟影响最大的发育阶段,延迟效应中生长数据显示卵裂期和囊胚期是氟对胚胎发育影响最大的阶段。出膜后仔稚鱼对氟的12小时LC_(50)最小时为20-30天末期仔鱼(107.31-112.77mg/L),最大时为出膜1天仔鱼(＞600mg/L)。随着年龄的增加,仔稚鱼对氟的敏感性表现出先升高后降低的趋势。比较发现,西伯利亚鲟胚胎阶段相比仔稚鱼阶段对氟不敏感。结论:西伯利亚鲟应对氟暴露的生命周期中最敏感时期是孵化后20-30天,胚胎阶段最敏感期是卵裂期。
在敏感阶段确定的基础上,探讨了环境因子中硬度和氯离子对氟毒性的影响。胚胎孵化率和仔鱼存活率随硬度和氯离子浓度升高而升高,胚胎和仔鱼氟含量随硬度和氯离子浓度升高而降低。结果表明硬度和氯离子降低氟离子对西伯利亚鲟的毒性。
5.慢性水体氟暴露对西伯利亚鲟稚鱼的影响
水体氟暴露西伯利亚鲟稚鱼90天,研究了氟离子对鱼体生长的影响,测定了鱼体各组织氟离子含量,探讨了氟离子对西伯利亚鲟血液生化指标和离子平衡的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的水体氟暴露没有对死亡率造成影响,但暴露于7.8,18.7和51.8mg/L浓度时,鱼体生长显著抑制。养殖90d后≥7.8mg/L氟浓度下西伯利亚鲟的血液生理生化指标中ALP、UREA和CREA与对照组相比显著变化。水氟对整个试验期间西伯利亚鲟稚鱼血清ALP的干扰可视为骨代谢紊乱的标志,CREA和UREA含量在试验中后期的恢复说明鳃和肾功能在氟暴露前期受损,其后逐渐恢复正常功能。K~+和Na~+在各取样点均与对照组没有显著差异。水体氟≥7.8mg/L暴露30天即导致西伯利亚鲟血浆中Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)含量下降,P含量上升,一直持续到90天。氟暴露西伯利亚鲟血液生化和离子指标的最低可观察效应浓度和最高无观察效应浓度分别为7.8mg/L和3.1mg/L。水体氟暴露后,氟在西伯利亚鲟硬骨(背骨板及胸鳍骨),软骨,鳃,皮中显著增加;试验结束时硬骨中氟含量高达3204.4mg/kg,其次依次为软骨1401.2mg/kg,鳃389.4mg/kg,皮100.1mg/kg。肌肉,肝脏,消化道,幽门盲囊在试验结束时氟含量并未升高,但氟含量在肝,消化道,幽门盲囊中要远高于肌肉。软骨氟含量超出人类食品限量,提示软骨的积累可能对人类消费鲟鱼软骨带来危害。结论:本试验条件下氟离子对西伯利亚鲟的最低可观察效应浓度是3.1mg/L,最高无观察效应浓度小于3.1mg/L。氟可通过在硬骨,软骨的积累及对血液生化指标和离子含量的影响发挥毒性作用,导致生长的抑制。
6.食源慢性氟暴露对西伯利亚鲟稚鱼的影响
本研究在饲料中添加氟化钠后饲喂西伯利亚鲟鱼稚鱼12周,旨在确定食源氟在西伯利亚鲟稚鱼各组织的积累情况,及引起生长抑制的浓度。试验期间没有发生西伯利亚鲟鱼体死亡。饲料中氟离子≤360.8mg/kg不会影响西伯利亚鲟的生长,支持了欧盟和我国关于鱼用饲料氟含量不能超过350mg/kg的最新规定。经过12周的暴露,氟在硬骨、软骨、皮和鳃呈现剂量浓度和时间浓度效应。试验结束时硬骨、软骨、鳃和皮的氟浓度分别高达7721.3、2324.2、721.4和262.5mg/kg。硬骨、软骨、皮和鳃的氟浓度与水体氟浓度呈线性相关,各暴露组组织的氟增加率随时间延长而减小,表明氟的积累还没有达到最高值。各试验组肌肉,肝脏,消化道和幽门盲囊在试验结束时氟含量较之对照组没有显著差异。西伯利亚鲟肌肉氟含量在4.9-5.2mg/kg,幽门盲囊209.0-226.1mg/kg,消化道32.9-35.9mg/kg,肝44.1-47.5mg/kg。氟在软骨的积累量远高于我国食物安全标准(2mg/kg),警示软骨的消费可能给人类的健康带来一定影响,建议加强对鲟鱼等具软骨的水产品中含氟的检测。以西伯利亚鲟稚鱼饲料中的氟可以高达360.8mg/kg推算,约有1/3的鱼粉可被高氟磷虾粉替代。
总结全文,我国部分高氟地区和氟污染水域中水氟含量高于本研究得出的西伯利亚鲟胚胎、仔鱼和稚鱼对水体氟离子的安全浓度1.25mg/L,因此氟对水生生物的毒性效应须引起重视。从方法学上尝试了12小时急性暴露周期,确定了西伯利亚鲟应对氟暴露的最敏感时期是孵化后20-30天。本试验条件下水体氟离子浓度≤3.1mg/L,饲料中≤360.8mg/kg不会影响西伯利亚鲟稚鱼的生长,氟可通过在硬骨,软骨的积累及对血液生化指标和离子含量的影响发挥毒性作用。氟在软骨的积累为人类消费软骨敲响警钟。结合本文结果和养殖水体中氟含量≤0.92mg/L的事实,推测氟不是鲟鱼养殖畸形的主要原因。推测现阶段长江口水体氟(0.27-0.85mg/L)对中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis G.)的影响较小,但随着水体污染加重,可能将对中华鲟产生负面影响。为了更好的保护鱼类及其它水生生物资源,提高经济效益,氟对不同鱼类在不同环境下的负面效应需进一步研究。
Fluoride ions(F~-)in natural water bodies partly exceed the China national water standard for fisheries,meanwhile,they caused the major endemic of China-skeletal fluorosis.However,the effects of waterborne F~-to aquatic animals are relatively less reported.Sturgeon species are noted as cartilage composed most of their endoskeleton. Siberian sturgeon(Acipenser baerii)is not only an endangered species,but also one of the sturgeon species widely raised in fish farms in China and around the world.
We adopted the principle of ecotoxicology to explore the toxicity of F~-on Siberian sturgeon.The determination of F~-effects were made at different development stages,for which morphological,biochemical,ionic,behavioral and growth endpoints were selected and quantified,aiming to better understand F~-metabolism/accumulation mechanism in fish and the adaptation of fish to F~-exposure.As results,we got the sensitive biomarkers of F~-toxicity to fish,suggested the F~-related safe water/feed criteria to fish protection,tentatively evaluated the ecological effects of F~-in natural water of China,suggested the possibility of fish meal substitution by high F~-krill meal,meanwhile we first studied F~-accumulation in cartilage.
1.Effects of fluoride on embryo development of Siberian sturgeon
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of F~-on embryo development of Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri.In semi-static toxicity bioassays,Siberian sturgeon embryos were exposed to six different concentrations of waterborne fluoride (100mg/L-600mg/L)at 17±1℃.Fluoride resulted in increased embryo mortality, decreased hatching rate,and increased deformed rate of larva.A hatching delay of up to 9-22 hours was noted.144h median lethal concentration(LC_(50))was 447.6 lmg/L for Siberian sturgeon embryo,Safety Concentration(SC)of hatching were 4.476mg/L, median effective concentration(EC_(50))of larva deformed were 536mg/L.SC of embryo Siberian sturgeon is lower than that of some natural water,it reminds that some embryo fish might adversely affected by water F~-.
Meanwhile,we investigated susceptibility of several endpoints and their applicability as toxicity indicators in Siberian embryo-larval assay.Mortality, hatching median time,and abnormality all concentration-related effects,and they showed similar sensitivity to F~-toxicity.Larval abnormality which was defined with binary responses constituted major ones such as cyrtosis,cyst and minor ones such as short tail,eye hemorrhaging.Pericardial edema was the most sensitive mark among the deforming characteristics.After larval were moved out of F~-,delaying effects were observed.Larval body length was the most sensitive mark compared to larval mortality,body weight and specific growth rate.Taken together these data indicated that total larval deforming rate and delaying body length were most sensitive among whole selected endpoints,while pericardial edema was the second.We suggest total larval deforming rate and delaying body length to be the endpoints indicating F~-toxicity to embryo Siberian sturgeon.
2.Acute toxicity and safety assessment of fluoride to larval Siberian sturgeon
Semi-static acute toxicity trial on larval Siberian sturgeon was carried out to explore the safe criteria of fluoride on fish.Behavior changes in larval Siberian sturgeon included abnormal motility,loss of equilibrium,and violation in gill ventilation.The mortality rate of larval Siberian sturgeon increased with exposure concentration and exposure time.The 48,72 and 96h LC_(50)of F~-in Siberian sturgeon were 1014.10,288.28 and 181.18mg/L,respectively.SC of fluoride in water for larval Siberian sturgeon was 1.81mg/L.Compared to F~-concentration in water bodies of China,our result highlights the need of management about F~-in water to protect aquatic animals.
3.Acute toxicity of F~-in Siberian sturgeon
96h acute toxicity tests were conducted to explore the LC_(50)of Siberian sturgeon exposed to waterborne F~-.Two different sizes of Siberian sturgeon(body length 10.60±0.05cm,body weight 8.01±0.51g and body length 17.21±0.91cm,body weight 32.35±3.73g)were tested,resulting behavior reactions such as initial excitement, faster swimming rate,back to normal cruising speed for low dosage F~-group,and first excitement,then slower swimming rate,finally dying for high dosage F~-group.The LC_(50)for these fish in two sizes were 125 and 200mg/L,respectively,while SC was at 1.25 and 2.00mg/L,respectively,indicating size influences on F~-toxicity.
Sublethal acute F~-toxicity test on juvenile Siberian sturgeon(body length 17.69±1.11cm,body weight 42.04±7.73g)showed no significant effect on serum Na~+, K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)and P in 10mg/L and 62.5mg/L group compared with control. However,125mg F~-/L significantly affected the above ions,and Ca~(2+)is the most sensitive ionic indicator showing F~-toxicity.
4.The definition of sensitive developmental stage and effects of chloride and hardness on F~-toxicity to Siberian sturgeon based on sensitive stages
12h short-term acute toxicity tests with at distinct stages of Siberian sturgeon were conducted to determine the most sensitive stage to F~-toxicity.LC_(50)of embryos exposed to F~-was＞600mg/L,cleavage was the most sensitive stage during embryo development based on hatching success,while cleavage and blastula were the most equally sensitive stage based on latent growth.After hatching,the sensitivity of fish post hatching first declined and then increased,as 20-30d larval was the most sensitive stage with 96h LC_(50)at 107.31-112.77mg/L,while the least was 1d post hatching with 96h LC_(50)＞600mg/L.We concluded that the 12h acute toxicity performed well telling the mode of action,and F~-toxicity was most effective at 20-30d for all life stage while that was during embryo development.
Based on above results,we conducted a new test exploring the effects of chloride and hardness on F~-toxicity.Hatching success and larval survival showed positive concentration-response relationships with chloride and hardness,while F~-concentration of embryo and larval showed negative ones.Results testified that chloride and hardness alleviates F~-toxicity.
5.The influences of waterborne F exposure in Siberian sturgeon
A 90-day growth trial was conducted to determine the growth inhibition,blood biochemical and ionic disturbance and accumulation of F~-to juvenile Siberian sturgeon.Fish growth was inhibited when exposed to 7.8,18.7,and 51.8 mg F~-/L in comparison with control.Among plasma biochemical parameters,ALP activity, UREA and CREA concentrations were significantly affected when water F~-≥7.8 mg/L.ALP changes by F~-was considered to be functional interference of bone metabolism,while the recovery of CREA and UREA concentration in the late period of the present experiment denote that function of gill and kidney was initially suffered from F~-,but became normal gradually.Blood Na~+,K~+ were not influenced by F~-.After exposed to F~-for 30 d,concentrations of Ca~(2+)and Mg~(2+)declined,while P concentration increased,till 90 d.Significant increases in F~-concentration were observed in bone,cartilage,skin and gill of Siberian sturgeon exposed to or above 3.1mg F~-/L,with F~-content in bone was the highest(3204.4mg/kg),followed by cartilage(1401.2mg/kg),gill(389.4mg/kg),skin(100.1mg/kg).Muscle,liver,gut and pylorus did not show any accumulation with increasing F~-levels in the water,and liver,gut,pylorus showed higher F~-concentration compared to that of muscle.The LOEC(lowest-observed-effect concentration)and NOEC(no-observed-effect concentration)was 7.8mg F~-/L and 3.1mg F~-/L,respectively.It is summarized that F~-accumulates mainly in bone and cartilage in Siberian sturgeon,with 3.1 mg F~-/L was the LOEC,and NOEC should be＜3.1mg F~-/L.F~-functions through blood biochemical and ionic interference,among which ALP activity,UREA,CREA,Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+)and P indicate F~-toxicity well.
6.F~-effects after dietary fluoride exposure in Siberian sturgeon
This study was carried out to evaluate the possible uptake of F~-in several tissues of juvenile Siberian sturgeon.Fish were fed diets added F~-in triplicate for 12 weeks. Growth was inhibited in fish fed diets with 710.2,1478.3 mg F~-/kg,but not in fish fed diets with 162.6,360.8 mg F~-/kg.F~-content in bone,cartilage,skin and gill progressively increased as the F~-concentration in diets increased,with the highest levels found in bone(7721.3mg F~-/kg),followed by cartilage(2324.2),gill(744.7), skin(269.2).Muscle,liver,gut,and pylorus did not show any accumulation with increasing F~-levels in the diets.Results indicate that(1)F~-can be included in the Siberian sturgeon diet up to 360.8 mg F~-/kg without adverse effect on growth performance or survival,and thus krill meal has a promising prospect to be an alternate protein source to sturgeon aquaculture in the perspective of F~-effects;(2) bone and cartilage of Siberian sturgeon accumulated F~-concentration when diet containing≥162.6 mg F~-/kg,and F~-accumulation in cartilage is an alarm to human food safety.
In conclusion,SC of F~-to Siberian sturgeon is 1.25 mg F~-/L according to F~-toxicity test in embryo,larval,and juvenile Siberian sturgeon.The adverse effects of F~-to aquatic animals should be paid attention to,as SC is lower than natural water F~-concentration in part of China and globe.The most sensitive life stage to F~-toxicity is 20-30d post hatching based on the utility of 12h toxicity test which is a new methodology for toxicity screens.F~-concentrations≤3.1mg F~-/L in water or≤360.8mg F~-/kg in diet do not inhibit growth of Siberian sturgeon.The mode of F~-action functions through interference of blood biochemistry and ion balance.The F~-accumulation in cartilage is an alarm to human food safety.Based on the present study and the actual water F~-concentration(0.27-0.85mg/L)in estuary of Yangtse River during March,2007 to March,2008,and the actual water F~-concentration (≤0.92mg/L)in some aquarium,we hypothesize that water F~-is not a risk for Chinese sturgeon(Acipenser sinensis G.),and water F~-is not the reason for sturgeon deformation in fish farms.Further chronic testing will be required to provide more detailed information regarding the adverse effects on different species under different environmental conditions,for ecological risk assessment purposes and economic benefit.
引文
崔志鸿,李鹏,曹波.2007.重庆市主城区长江和嘉陵江水中有机污染物对斑马鱼胚胎仔鱼的毒性研究[J].公共卫生与预防医学,18(1):5-8.
丁坚平,毛健全.1998.贵阳大坝地区岩溶地下水氟污染及其防治[J].贵州环保科技,4(3):5-8.
端正花,朱琳,王平,张斌田.2007.双酚A对斑马鱼不同发育阶段的毒性及机理[J].环境化学,26:491-494.
冯涛,郑微云.2000.苯并(a)芘对大弹涂鱼肝脏过氧化酶活性的影响[J].生态学杂志,20(5):73-75.
郭晓英,孙贵范,孙宪民.2003.氧化应激在亚慢性氟中毒大鼠肝脏损伤中的作用[J].中国公共卫生,19(5):575-576.
国家环保总局.2005.中华人民共和国地表水环境质量标准-GB3838[S].
国家环保总局.1986.环境监测技术规范(第四册)生物监测(水环境)部分[M].
国家环保总局.1989.中华人民共和国国家标准渔业水质标准GB11607[S].
何斌,何利君,杜军,龙治海,陈先均.2006.4种重金属离子对淡水石斑胚胎及仔鱼急性毒性的研究[J].水利渔业,26(4):96-96.
胡炜,成水平,周永欣.1998.稀有鮈鲫亚慢性毒性试验[J].水生生物学报,22(4):336-340.
黄辨非,王晓娟,罗静波.2006.3种重金属药物对金鱼胚胎-仔鱼的毒性试验[J].水利渔业,26(1):92-94.
黄干川,莫志亚,王麟,等.1999.600例地氟病患者生化指标研究[C].1999年全军第八届检验学术会议论文集,78-82.
黄治森,詹颖,单拓生等.1985.实验性氟中毒的生化研究氟对大鼠乳酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的影响[C].地方性氟中毒文集,66.
李广生,任立群.1997.不同钙含量饲养条件下氟中毒对大鼠骨转换的影响[J].中华病理学杂志,26(5):277-280.
李广生.2001.从“钙矛盾”看氟骨症的发生机制.全国氟砷学术会议论文集[C].哈尔滨:中国地方病学杂志编辑部.
李晶.2003.高氟对胎脑发育的影响[J].黑龙江医药科学,26(3):90-91.
李文英,熊丽,刘荣等.2007.邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)生理生化特性的影响[J].生态毒理学,2:117-122.
林浩然.1999.鱼类生理学[M].广州:广东高等教育出版社
蔺玉华,耿龙武.2005.铬对鲤血清电解质水平的影响及其在鱼体中的蓄积.天津师范大学学报,25(3):21-23.
蔺玉华,卢健民,富惠光.2001.镉对鲤某些激素分泌活动及血浆电解质浓度的影响.中国水产科学,8(2):88-91.
蔺玉华,张冰艳,卢健民.1996.甲基汞对鲤鱼血浆渗透压及鳃丝Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性的影响.中国水产科学,3(3):1-7.
刘福军,王明学,翟良安.2001.灭虫精对草鱼胚胎一仔鱼的慢性毒性短期试验[J].水产科学,20(6):10-11.
刘国艳,柴春彦,康世良.2002.氟对鸡红细胞膜ATPase活性的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,8:4-5.
刘红玲,于红霞.2007.联苯胺类化合物对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的初步研究[J].生态毒理学 报,2(1):94-99.
刘立志,孙殿军,高彦辉等.2005.高海拔茶型氟中毒大鼠血清磷水平及碱性磷酸酶观察[J].中国地方病学杂志,24(1):9-10.
刘中,王丹,石俊艳,于伟君,胡继勋.1992.太平水库氟污染及对渔业的影响[J].水产科学,11(4):4-6.
柳敏海,陈波,罗海忠.2007.五种重金属对早繁娩鱼胚胎和仔鱼的毒性效应[J].海洋渔业,29(1):57-62.
柳学周,徐永江,兰功刚.2006.几种重金属离子对半滑舌鳎胚胎发育和仔稚鱼的毒性效应[J].海洋水产研究,27(2):33-42.
楼允东.1965.鱼类的孵化酶[J].动物学杂志,7(3):97-101.372-376.
卢玲,卢健民,蔺玉华.2001.低pH对鲤血液电解质的影响.上海水产大学.10(1):73-76.
农业部.2001.中华人民共和国农业行业标准无公害食品-渔用配合饲料安全限量NY5072[S].
农业部.2006.中华人民共和国农业行业标准-无公害食品水产品中有害物质限量NY5073[S].
漆畹生,叶静文,孙淑屏.1987.二乙基亚硝胺引发的金鱼肝脏肿瘤和癌前病变[J].上海实验动物科学,7:70-72.
全国饲料工业标准化技术委员会.2002.饲料中氟的测定-GB/T13083[S].
沈骅,王晓蓉,张景飞.2004.应用应激蛋白HSP70作为生物标志物研究锌、铜及其联合毒性对鲫鱼肝脏的影响[J].环境科学学报,24(5):895-899.
沈同,王镜岩.1991.生物化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,420-460.
唐学玺,张培玉.2000.蒽对黑鳍超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响[J].水产学报,24(3):217-220.
万桂敏,莫志亚,刘忠杰等.2001.地方性氟中毒患者多项检验指标的测定及分析[J].中国地方病学杂志,20(2):137-139.
汪开敏,耿毅.2003.鲤亚急性喹乙醇中毒的血液生化指标研究[J].水生生物学报,27:23-26.
王爱国,冉鹏等.2002.氟中毒氧化应激与细胞凋亡关系的研究[J].中国公共卫生,18(6):681-682.
王卫民,严安生,周立国,查金苗,张志国.2001.四种药物对黄颡鱼鱼种的毒性试验[J].淡水渔业,31:49-51.
尾崎久雄..1982.鱼类血液循环生理[M].上海:上海科学出版社.
卫生部,1999.中华人民共和国卫生行业标准-地方性氟中毒病区饮水氟化物的测定方法WS/T 106[S].
卫生部,2003.中华人民共和国卫生国家标准-地方性氟中毒病区饮水氟化物的测定方法GB/T5009.18[S].
吴鼎勋,洪万树.1999.4种重金属对鱿状黄姑鱼胚胎和仔鱼的毒性[J].台湾海峡,18(2):186-189.
吴南萍,赵忠良.1993.氟对发育中大鼠脑脂质过氧化作用的影响[J].中国地方病学杂志,12(5):278-279.
吴益春,赵元凤,吕景才,等.2006.水生生物对重金属吸收和积累的研究进展[J].生物技术通报,增刊:133-137.
习志群,储少岗,徐晓白.1995.多氯联苯对鲫鱼血液电解质的影响.环境科学,16(2):1-3.
熊治延.2000.环境生生物学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社.
徐立红.1998.活体及离体条件下微囊藻毒素对鱼蛋白磷酸酶的抑制作用[J].中国环境科学, 18(5):391-393.
徐韵,李兆利,李梅等.2007.五氯酚钠的遗传毒性效应研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),43:
杨晓霞,周启星,王铁良.2008.海上石油生产水的水生生态毒性[J].环境科学学报,28(3):544-549.
杨志聪,姚静,方展强.2007.DDTs对唐鱼仔鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价[J].实验动物与比较医学,27(2):123-126.
姚纪花,周平凡.1997.铜、锌和甲胺磷对大鳞副泥鳅胚胎发育和仔鱼成活的影响[J].上海水产大学学报,6(1):11-16.
余群,郑微云,翁妍等.1999.石油污染对真鲷幼体中的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的毒理效应[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),38(3):429-434.
张本忠,高小玲.2004.氟对小鼠胚胎组织谷胱甘肽活性和卵黄囊细胞膜脂流动性的影响[J].中国地方病学杂志,23(5):420-422.
张甫英,李辛夫.1997.酸性水对几种主要淡水鱼类的影响[J].水生生物学报,21(1):40-48.
张奇,赵红雪,吴旭东.2005.鱼类孵化酶及鱼类人工孵化提前脱膜问题探讨[J].内陆水产,30(5):19-20.
张瑞涛,张曙光,钱华鑫.1982.氟化物对鱼类致畸的研究[J].环境科学,3(4):11-14.
张永嘉,吴泽阳,许其爵等.1994.网箱养殖罗非鱼综合症的血清分析[J].水利渔业,2:8-9.
张玉勇,牟振波,房殿武.2007.几种常用消毒剂对细鳞鱼鱼种急性毒性试验[J].水产学杂志,20:63-66.
赵艳.2006.我国饮水型氟中毒预防措施效果评价[J].中国地方病学杂志,25(2):222-224.
郑敏,朱琳.2005.五氯酚对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应研究[J].应用生态学报,16(10):1967-1971.
钟蕾,向建国,何福林.2008.水温对虹鳟血清无机微量元素含量影响的初步研究.水利渔业,28(1):24-26.
周佳萍,张桂国,于宁先.2005.氟的营养作用及在生产中的应用研究进展[J].动物营养,8:10-12.
周理红,许梓荣.2004.慢性氟中毒对猪的生长性能及生理生化的影响.饲料工业,25(9):18-21.
周群芳,江桂斌,刘稷燕.2003.三丁基锡化合物对稀有鮈鲫的急慢性毒理研究[J].中国科学(B),2:150-156.
周一平.2003.用SPSS软件计算新药的LD_50[J].药学进展,27(5):314-316.
周永欣,章宗涉.1989.水生生物毒性试验方法[M].北京:农业出版社.
周玉,郭文扬,杨振国,张凯.2000.鱼类血液指标研究进展[J].上海水产大学学报,10(2):163-165.
庄平,宋超,章龙珍,张涛,黄晓荣.2009.西伯利亚鲟(F2)胚后发育的形态观察.水产学报,待刊.
Adham K.,Khairalla A.,Abu-Shabana M.,Abdel-Maguid N.,Abdel Moneim A..1997.Environmental stress in Lake Maryut and physiological response of Tilapia zilli Gerv.J.Environ.Sci.Health,pt.A:Environ.sci.eng.Toxic.Hazard.Subst.Control,32(9-10):2585-2598.
Alazemi B.M.,Lewis J.W.,Andrews E.B..1996.Gill damage in the freshwater fish Gnathonemus petersii(family:Mormyridae) exposed to selected pollutants:an ultrastructural study[J].Environ.Teehnol.,17(3):225-238.
Allen P..1993.Effects of acute exposure to cadmium(Ⅱ) chloride and lead(Ⅱ) chloride on the haematological profile of Oreochromis aureus(Steindachner)[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,105C:213-217.
Andersen L.,Holbech H.,Gesso A.,Norrgren L.,Petersen G.I..2003.Effects of exposure to 17a-ethinylestradiol during early development on sexual differentiation and induction of vitellogenin in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,134C:365-374.
Animesh T.,Naltn T.,Anand K.,Madru T..2006.Effect of fluoride on vertebral column of a freshwater fish Channa punctatus[J].J.Appl.Biosci.,32(2):164-167.
Ankley G.T.,Jensen K.M.,Kahl M.D.,Korte J.J.,Makynen E.A..2001.Description and evaluation of a short-term reproduction test with the fathead minnow(Pimephales promelas)[J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,20:1276-1290.
Antkiewicz D.S.,Burns C.G..,Carney S.A.,Peterson R.E.,Heideman W..2005.Heart malformation is an early response to TCDD in embryonic zebrafish[J].Toxicol.Sci.,84:368-377.
AOAC(Association of Official Analytical Chemists),1984.In:Williams,S.(Ed.),Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,14th ed.Association of Analytical Chemists,Inc.,VA,pp.152-160.
ASTM.1992.Standard Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests with Fishes(E 1241-98),pp.886-913.
Axel O..2000.The use of a refined zebrafish embryo bioassay fort the assessment of aquatic toxicity.Res.Note,29(7):32-40.
Baganz D..,Staaks G.,Pflugmacher S..,Steinberg.C.E.W..2004.Comparative study of microcystin-LR-induced behavioral changes of two fish species,Danio rerio and Leucaspius delineatus[J].Environ.Toxicol.,19:564-570.
Bansal S.K.,Verma S.R.,Gupta A.K.,Dalela R.C..1979.Physiological dysfunction of the haematopoietic system in a fresh water teleost,Labeo rohita,following chronic chlordane exposure:Part Ⅰ.Alteration in certain haematological parameters[J].Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.,22:666-673.
Barbara A.,Francescon A.,Polo B..1981.Fluorine accumulation in aquatic organisms in the lagoon of fluoride[J].Atmos.Environ.,16(1):105-111.
Beaumont M.W.,Butler P.J.,Taylor E.W..1995.Exposure of brown trout,Salmo trutta,to sub-lethal copper concentrations in soft acidic water and its effect upon sustained swimming performance[J].Aquat.Toxicol,33:45-63.
Belair C.D.,Peterson R.E.,Heideman W..2001.Disruption of erythropoiesis by dioxin in the zebrafish[J].Dev.Dyn.,222:581-594.
Bemis W.E.,Findeis E.K.,Grande L..1997.An overview of Acipenseriformes[J].Env.Biol.Fish,48:25-71.
Bentivegna C.S.,Piatkowski T..1998.Effects of tributyltin on medaka(Oryzias latipes) embryos at different stages of development[J].Aquat.Toxicol,44:117-128.
Bhatnagar C,Bhatnagar M,Regar B.C..2007.Fluoride-induced histopathological changes in gill,kidney,and intestine of fresh water teleost,Labeo Rohita[J].Fluoride,40:55-61.
Bhatnagar C,Regar,B.C..2004.Effect of fluoride on red blood cells of Indian major carp,Labeo rohita(Ham)[J].Nature Environ.Pollut.Technol,3(4):527-530.
Boone R.J,Manthey M..1983.The anatomical distribution of fluoride within various body segments and organs of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)[J].Arch.Fisch.Wiss.,34:81-85.
Bower P.R.,Landy R.B.,Woozier G.A.,Babish J.G..1988.Efficacy of elevated dietary fluoride for the control of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in Rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri [J].World.Aquacult.Soc,19:1-7.
Brightman R.I.,Torres J.J.,Donnelly J.,Clarke M.E..1997.Energetics of larval red drum,Sciaenops ocellatus.Part Ⅱ:Growth and biochemical indicators.Fish.Bull.,95(3):431-444.
Brown M.W.,Thomas D.G.,Shurben D.,Solbe D.,Kay J.,Cryer A..1986.A comparison of the differential accumulation of cadmium in the tissues of three species of freshwater fish,Salmo gairdneri,Rutilus rutilus and Noemacheilus barbatulus[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,84C:213-217.
Burtis C.A.,Ashwood E.R.,Tietz..1996.Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry,W.B.Saunders Company,Philadelphia.
Bykowski P.,Kowalczuk M..1986.Fluoride content in the Antarctic krill euphausla-superba dana in relation to its biological condition and to the fishery region[J].Pol.Polar Res.,7(3):283-288.
Camargo J.A.,Tarazona J.V..1991.Short-term toxicity of fluoride ion(F~-) in soft water to rainbow trout and brown trout[J].Chemosphere,22(5-6):605-612.
Camargo J.A..2003.Fluoride toxicity to aquatic organisms:a review[J].Chemosphere,50:251-264.
Cazenave J.,Bistoni M.,Zwirnmann E.,Wunderlin D.A.,Wiegand C.2006.Attenuating effects of natural organic matter on microcystin toxicity in zebra fish(Danio rerio)embryos-benefits and costs of microcystin detoxication.Environ.Toxicol.,21:22-32.
CCAMLR,2005.Statistical Bulletin,vol.17.CCAMLR,Hobart,Australia.Electronic Version.
Cengiz E.I.,Unlu E..2006.Sublethal effects of commercial deltamethrin on the structure of the gill,liver and gut tissues of mosquitofish.Gambusia afflnis:A microscopic study[J].Environ.Toxicol.Pharmacol.,21(3):246-253.
Cerklewski F.L..1997.Fluoride bioavailability-nutritional and clinical aspects[J].Nutr.Res.,17,907-929.
Chandel B.S.,Tyagi R.N.,Tripathi M.K..2006.Bio-efficacy of fluoride on some morphogenetic changes in the fish Clarias batrachus Linn[J].Himalayan J.Environ.Zool.,20(1):115-118.
Chen J.C.& Cheng S.Y..1995.Hemolymph oxygen content,oxyhemocyanin,protein levels and ammonia excretion in the shrimp Penaeus monodon exposed to ambient nitrite[J].J.Comp.Physiol;,164B:530-535.
Chen Y.Y.,Lu F.I.,Hwang P.P..2003.Comparisons of calcium regulation in fish larvae[J].J.Exp.Zool.,295A:127-135.
Cheng S.Y.,Chen J.C..1998.Effects of nitrite exposure on the hemolymph electrolyte,respiratory protein and free amino acid levels and water content of Penaeus japonicus[J].Aquatic Toxicol,44:129-139.
Chitra T.,Reddy M.M.,Ramna Rao J.V.R..1983.Levels of muscle and liver tissue enzymes in Channa punctatus Bloch exposed to NaF[J].Fluoride,16:48-51.
Christensen G.M.,McKim J.M.,Brungs W.A.,Hunt E.P..1972.Changes in the blood of the brown bullhead(Ictalurus nebvlosus(Lesueur)) following short and long term exposure to copper(Ⅱ)[J].Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol.,23:417-427.
Colombo R.E.,Garvey J.E.,Wills P.S..2007.A guide to the embryonic development of the shovelnose sturgeon(Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) reared at a constant temperature[J].J.Appl.Ichthyol.,23:402-410.
Couillard C.M..2002.A microscale test to measure petroleum oil toxicity to mummichog embryos [J].Environ.Toxicol.,17:195-202.
Couture P.,Rajotte J.W..2003.Morphometric and metabolic indicators of metal stress in wild yellow perch(Perca flavescens)[J].Aquat.Toxicol.,64:107-120.
Culik B.,1987.Fluoride turnover in Adelie penguins(Pygoscelis adeliae) and other bird species [J].Polar.Biol.,7:179-187.
Dalai R.,Bhattacharya S..1994.Effect of cadmium,mercury and zinc on the hepatic microsomal enzymes of Channa punctatus[J].Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.,52,893-897
Damkaer D.M.,Dey D.B..1989.Evidence for fluoride effects on salmon passage at John Day dam,Columbia River,1982-1986[J].N.Am.J.Fish.Manag.,9:154-162.
Das B.K.,Mukherjee S.C..2000.Chronic effects of quinalphos on some biochemical parameters in Labeo rohita(Ham.)[J].Toxcol.Lett.,114:11-18.
Dave G..1984.Effects of fluoride on growth,reproduction,and survival in Daphnia magna.Comp.Biochem.Physiol,78:425-431.
Dave G..,Damgaard B.,Grande M.,Martelin J.E.,Rosander B.,Viktor T..1987.Ring test of an embryo-larval toxicity test with zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio) using chromium and zinc as toxicants[J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,6:61-71.
de Conto Cinier C.,Petit-Ramel M..,Faure R.,Garin D.,Bouvet Y..1999.Kinetics of cadmium accumulation and elimination in carp Cyprinus carpio tissues[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,22C:345-352.
De Metrio G.,Corriero A.,Desantis S.,et al..2003.Evidence of a high percentage of intersex in the Mediterranean swordfish(Xiphias gladius L.)[J].Marine.Pollut.Bull.,3:358-361.
DIN.2001.German standard methods for the examination of water,waste water and sludge-Subanimal testing(group T)-Part 6:Toxicity to fish.Determination of the non-acute-poisonous effect of waste water to fish eggs by dilution limits(T 6).DIN 38415-6;German Standardization Organization.
Eanes E.D..1983.Effect of fluoride on mineralization of teeth and bones.In:Shupe JL,Peterson HB,Leone NC,eds.Fluorides-Effects on Vegetation,Animals,and Humans.Salt Lake City,USA,pp.195-198.
Eaton J.G..,McKim J.M.,Holcombre G.W..1978.Metal toxicity to embryos and larvae of seven freshwater fish species[J].I.Cadmium.Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol,19:95-103.
EFSA.2004.Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the commission related to fluorine as undesirable substance in animal feed.EFSA Journal,100:1-22.
Ellis M.M.,Westfall B.A.,Ellis M.D..1948.Determination of water quality.Res.Report 9,Fish and Wildl.Serv.Dept.of Interior,USA.
Elonen G.E.,Spehar R.L.,Holcombe G.W.,Johnson,R.D.,Fernandez,J.D.,rickson,R.J.,Tietge,J.E.,and Cook,P.M...1998.Comparative toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to seven freshwater fish species during early lifestage development[J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,17:472-483.
Ensenbach U..1998.Embryonic development of fish-a model to assess the toxicity of sediments to vertebrates[J].Fresenius.Environ.Bull.,7:531-538.
Envirment of Canada.1976.National inventory of sources and emissions of fluoride.Envirmental Protection Service.Internal Report APCD 75-7.Envirment Canada,Air Pollution Directorate.
Environment of Canada,2001.Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the protection of aquatic life:Inorganic Fluorides.Scientific Supporting Document.Ecosystem Health:Science-based Solutions Report No.1-1.National Guidelines and Standards Office,Environmental Quality Branch,Environment Canada,Ottawa.
Eriksson J.E..1989.Accumulation of a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii in the freshwater mussel Andonta cygnoa[J].Hydrobiologia,183:211-216.
EU,2005.Commission directive 2005/87/EC of 5 December 2005 amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 7 March 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed as regards to lead,fluorine and cadmium.
EU.2008.Commission directive 2008/76/EC of 25 July 2008 amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 7 March 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed as regards to lead,fluorine,and cadmium.Off.J.Eur.Union,198:37-40.
Fairchild W.L.,Swansburg E.O.,Arsenault J.T.,Brown S.B..Does an association between pesticide use and subsequent declines in catch of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar) represent a case of endocrine disruption[J].Environ.Health Perspect,107:349-358.
Firth E.C.,2006.The response of bone,articular cartilage and tendon to exercise in the horse[J],J.Anat,208:513-526.
Fischer W.J.,Dietrich D.R.,2000.Pathological and biochemical characterization of microcystin-induced hepatopancreas and kidney damage in carp(Cyprinus carpio)[J].Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol.,164:73-81.
Flik G,Fenwick J C,Kolar Z..1986.Effects of ovine prolactin on calcium uptake and distribution in Orechromis mossambicus[J].Am.J.Physiol.,25(2):161-166.
Fraysse B.,Mons R.,Garric J..2006.Development of a zebrafish 4-day embryo-larval bioassay to assess toxicity of chemicals[J].Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf.,63:253-267.
Fuhong R.,shuquin J..1988.Distridution and formation of hifh-fluorine groundwater in China[J].Environ.Geol.Water.Sci.,12(1):3-10.
George S.,Bailey.,David E.,et al..1996.Fish Models for Environmental Carcinogenesis:The Rainbow Trout[J].Environ.Health.Perspect.,104(Suppl.1):5-21.
Ghazali K.S..1992.Hematological and physiological responses to sublethal concentrations of cadmium in a freshwater teleost,Tilipia zilii[J].Water.Air.Soil.Pollut,64:551-559.
Giesy J.P.,Versteeg J.,Graney R.L..1998.A review of selected clinical indicators of stress-induced changes in aquatic organisms.Wiley sons,London.
Giguere A.,Campbell P.G.C..2004.Fluoride toxicity towards freshwater organisms and hardness effects-review and reanalysis of existing data[J].Rev.Sci.Eau.,17(3):373-393.
Gikunju J.K.,Maitho T.E.,Birkeland I.M.,Lokken P..1992.Fluoride levels in water and fish from lake magadikenya[J].Hydrobiologia,234(2):123-127.
Giogios I.,Grigorakis K.,Nengas I.,Papasolomontos S.,Papaioannou N.,Alexis M.N.,2009.Fatty acid composition and volatile compounds of selected marine oils and meals.J.Sci.Food Agr.,89(1):88-100.
Goh E.H.,Neff A.W..2003.Effects of fluoride on Xenopus embryo development[J].Food Chem.Toxicol.,41:1501-1508.
Government of Canada.1993.Canadian Environmental Protection Act Priority Substances List Assessment Report.Inorganic fluorides.Environment Canada and Health Canada.
Grave H..1981.Fluoride content of salmonids fed on Antarctic krill euphausia superba[J],Aquaculture,24(1-2):191-196.
Guiney P.D.,Melancon M.J.,Jr Lech J.J.,Peterson R.E..1979.Effects of egg and sperm maturation and spawning on the distribution and elimination of a polychlorinated biphenyl in rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri)[J].Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol.,47:261-272.
Halim Sulaiman A..1993.Acute toxicity relationships for two species of fish using a simultaneous testing method[J].Sci.Total Environ.,Suppl:1001-1009.
Hallare A.V.,Kohler H.R.,Triebskorn R..2004.Developmental toxicity and stress protein responses in zebrafish embryos after exposure to diclofenac and its solvent,DMSO[J].Chemosphere,56:659-666.
Hammeren J.,Powers S.,Lawler J..1992.Exercise training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle oxidative and antioixdant enzyme activity[J].Int.J.Sports Med.,13(5):412-416.
Handy R.D..1992a.The assessment of episodic metal pollution.I.Uses and limitations of tissue contaminant analysis in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) after short waterborne exposure to cadmium or copper[J].Arch.Environ.Contain.Toxicol.,22:74-81.
Handy R.D..1992b.The assessment of episodic metal pollution.Ⅱ.The effects of cadmium and copper enriched diets on tissue contaminant analysis in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.,22:82-87.
Hansen P.D.,von Westernhagen H.,Rosenthal H..1985.Chlorinated hydrocarbons and hatching success in Baltic Herring spring spawners[J].Mar.Environ.Res.,15:59-76.
Hemens J.,Warwick R.J.,Oliff W.D..1975.Effect of extended exposure to low fluoride concentration on estuarine fish and crustacean[J].Prog.War.Tech.,7:579-585.
Hemens J.,Warwick R.J..1972.The effects of fluoride on estuarine organisms[J].Water.Res.,6:1301-1308.
Hodge H.C.,1965.Fluorine Chemistry,vol.Ⅳ.Academic Press,New York,NY.
Holmberg B.,Jensen S.,Larsson A.,Lewander K.,Olsson M..1972.Metabolic effects of technical pentachlorophenol(PCP) on the eel Anguilla anguilla[J].L.Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,43B:71-183.
Hu N.,Sedmera D.,Yost H.J.,Clark E.B..2000.Structure and function of the developing zebrafish heart[J].Anat.Rec,260:148-157.
Huggett D.B.,Brooks B.W.,Peterson B.,Foran C.M.,Schlenk D..2002.Toxicity of select beta adrenergic receptor-blocking pharmaceuticals(B-blockers) on aquatic organisms[J].Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.,43:229-235.
Hung S.S.O.,Liu W.,Li H.,Storebakken T.,Cui Y..1997.Effect of starvation on some morphological and biochemical parameters in white sturgeon,Acipenser transmontanus.Aquaculture,151:357-363.
Hutchinson T.H.,Barrett S.,Buzby M.,et al..2003.A strategy to reduce the numbers of fish used in acute ecotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals[J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,22:3031-3036.
Iwama G.K.,Greer G.L.,Randell D.J..1986.Changes in selected haematological parameters in juvenile chinook salmon subjected to a bacterial challenge and a toxicant[J].J.Fish Biol,28: 563-572.
Izquierdo,M.S.,Fernandez-Palacios H.,Tacon A.G.J..2001.Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish[J].Aquaculture,197:25-42.
Joost Larsen M,Richards A.,Fejerskov O..1981.Effect of intraperitoneally injected fluoride on plasma calcium in suckling and adult rats.Calcif.Tissue Int.,3(1):541-544.
Julshamn K.,Malde M.,Bjorvatn K.,Krogedal P.2004.Fluoride retention of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed krill meal[J].Aquac.Nutr.,10(1):9-13.
Julshamn K.,Malde M.K.,Bjorvatn K.,Krogdal P..2004.Fluoride retention of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed krill meal.Aquac.Nutr.,10:9-13.
Jyothi B.,Narayan G..1997.Effect of phorate on certain protein profiles of serum in freshwater fish Clarias batrachus[J].J.Environ.Biol,18:137-140.
Kang I.J.,Yokota H.,Oshima Y.,Tsuruda Y.,Hano T.,Maeda M.,Imada N.,Tadokoro H.,Honjo T..2003.Effects of 4-nonylphenol on reproduction of Japanese medaka(Oryzias latipes)[J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,22:2438-2445.
Kaplan A.,Szabo L.L..1979.Clinical Chemistry:Interpretation and Techniques.Lea and Febiger,Philadelphia.
Kime D.E.,Nash D.A..1999.A strategy for assessing the effects of xenobiotics on fish reproduction[J].Sci.Total Environ.,1-2:3-11.
Kimmel C.B.,Ballard W.W.,Kimmel S.R.,Ullmann B.,Schilling T.F..1995.Stages of embryonic-development of the zebrafish[J].Dev.Dyn.,203:253-310.
Kinnberg K.,Holbech H.,Petersen G.I..,Bjerregaard P..2007.Effects of the fungicide prochloraz on the sexual development of zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,145C:165-170.
Koke J.R.,Anderson D.R..1986.Changes in metabolite levels and morphology of teleost ventricular myocytes due to hypoxia,ischaemia,and metabolic inhibitors[J].Cytobios,45(181):97-108.
Koops H.,Tiews K.,Gropp J.,Beck H..1979.Krill in trout diets.Proc.World Symp.Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology.Hamburg,20-23 June 1978,vol.Ⅱ.Heenemann,Berlin,pp.281-292.
Kraal M.H.,Kraak M.H.S.,de Groot C.J.,Davids C.1995.Uptake and tissue distribution of dietary and aqueous cadmium by carp(Cyprinus carpio)[J].Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf.,31:179-83.
Kristensen P..1991.Evaluation of the sensitivity of short-term fish early life stage tests in relation to other fish early life stage test method.Final report,Water Quality Institute,Denmark.
Kristensen P..1995.Sensitivity of embryos and larvae in relation to other stages in the life cycle of fish:a literature review.In:Muller,R.,Lloyd,R.(Eds.),Sublethal and Chronic Effects of Pollutants on Freshwater Fish.FAO,Oxford,UK,pp.155-166.
Kubitza F.,Lovshin L.L..1997.The use of freeze-dried krill to feed train largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides):Feeds and training strategies[J].Aquaculture,148:299-312.
Kuhn E.R.,Geris K.L.,Geyten S..1998.Inhibition and activation of the thyroidal axis by the adrenal axis in vertebrates[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,120A:169-174.
Kumar A.,Mathur R.P..1991.Bioaccumulation kinetics and organ distribution of lead in a freshwater teleost[J].Colisa fasciatus Environ Technol,12:731-735.
Kumar A.,Tripathi N.,Tripathi M..2007.Fluoride-induced biochemical changes in fresh water cantfish(Clarias batrachus)[J].Fluoride,40(1):37-41.
Kuzmin S.,Mironov S.,Vostroushkin D.,Shutov V..1999.Behavioural responses to various chemical incentives in hybrid beluga×Russian sturgeon(Huso huso×Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) fry[J].J.Appl.Ichthyol.,15:233-236.
Laale H.W.,Lerner W..1981.Teratology and early fish development[J].Am.Zool.,21:517-533.Langston W.J..1990.Toxic effects of metals and the incidence of marine ecosystems.In:Furness RW,Rainbow PS(eds) Heavy metals in the marine environment.CRC Press,New York,p 256 Heath AG(1987) Water pollution and fish physiology.CRC Press,Florida,p 245.
Latif A.,Khalaf A.N.,Khalid B.Y..1982.Bioaccumulation of Cu,Cd,Pb and Zn in two cyprinid fishes of Iraq[J].J.Biol.Sci.,13:45-64.
Laur(?)n D.J.,McDonald D.G..1985.Effects of copper on branchial ionoregulation in the rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri Richardson[J].J.Comp.Physiol.,155B:635-644.
LeBlanc G.A..1984.Interspecies relationships in acute toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms [J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,3:47-60.
LeBlane G.A.,Brin J..1997.Chronic toxicity of environmental contaminants:sentinels and biomarkers[J].Environ.Health Perspect,1:65-80.
Lecoz N.,Mal(?)cot M.,Quiblier C,Puiseux-Dao S..2007.Effects of cyanobacterial crude extracts from Planktothrix agardhii on embryo-larval development of medaka fish Oryzias.latipes [J].Toxicon,51:262-269.
Lemly A.D..2002.Symptoms and implications of selenium toxicity in fish:the Belews lake case example[J].Aquat.Toxicol.,57:39-49.
Levin E.D.,Chrysanthis E.,Yacisin K.,Linney E..2003.Chlorpyrifos exposure of developing zebrafish:effects on survival and long-term effects on response latency and spatial discrimination[J].Neurotoxicol.Teratol.,25:51-57.
Lignot J.H.,Pannier F.,Trilles J.P.,Charmantier G..1998.Effects of tributyltin oxide on survival and osmoregulation of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus(Crustacea,Decapoda)[J].Aquatic.Toxicol,41:277-299.
Lloyd R.,Orr L.D..1969.The diuretic response by rainbow trout to sub-lethal concentrations of ammonia[J].Water.Res.,3:335-344.
Luckenbach T.,Kilian M.,Triebskorn R.,Oberemm A..2001.Fish early life stage tests as a tool to assess embryotoxic potentials in small streams[J].J.Aquat.Ecosyst.Stress.Recov.,8:355-370.
Malbrouck C,Trausch G..,Devos P.,Kestemont P..2003.Hepatic accumulation and effects of microcystin-LR on juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus L.[J]Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,135C:39-48.
Manson J.M.,Wise L.D..1991.Teratogens.In:Amdur,M.O.,Doull,J.D.,Klaassen,CD.(Eds.),Casarett and Doull's Toxicology:The Basic Science of Poisons,Mc-Graw-Hill,New York,pp.226-254.
Matthiessen P.,Allen Y.,Allchin C.R.,Feist S.W.,Kirby M.F.,Law R.J.,Scott A.P.,Thain J.E.,Thomas K.V..1998.Oestrogenic endocrine disruption in folunder(Platichthys flesus) from United Kingdom estuarine and marine waters[J].Sci.Ser.Tech.Pep.,107:48.
McClurg T.P..1984.Effects of fluoride,cadmium and mercury on the estuarine prawn Penaeus indicus[J].Water.SA.,10:40-45.
McDonald D.G.,Milligan C.L..1992.Chemical properties of the blood.In:Hoar W S,Randall D J,Farrell A P,Eds.Fish Physiology.Academic Press,San Diego,12:55-133.
McKim J.M..1977.Evaluation of tests with early life stages of fish for predicting long-term toxicity[J].J.Fish.Res.Board.Can.,34:1148-1154.
McKim J.M..1985.Early life stage toxicity tests.In:Rand,G.M.,Petrocelli,S.R.(Eds.),Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology.Hemisphere,New York,pp:58-95.
Merian E.,Anke M,Ihnar M,Stoeppler M..2004.In:Elements and their compounds in the environment,Volume 3:Nonmetals,Particular Aspects.Wiley-VHC.Verlag,Weinheim,Germany.
Milhaud G.,El Bahri L.,Dridi A..1981.The effects of fluoride on fish in gabes gulf Tunisia[J].Fluoride,14(4):161-168.
Miller R.A.,Norris L.A.,Hawkes C.L..1973.Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in aquatic organisms[J].Environ.Health.Perspect.,5:177-186.
Moren M.2006.Element concentrations in meals from krill and amphipods,—possible alternative protein sources in complete diets for farmed fish[J].Aquaculture,26:174-181.
Moren M.,Malde M.K.,Olsen R.E..2007.Fluorine accumulation in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar),Atlantic cod(Gadus morhua),rainbow trout(Onchorhyncus mykiss) and Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed diets with krill or amphipod meals and fish meal based diets with sodium fluoride(NaF) inclusion[J].Aquaculture,269,525-531.
Moore M.N.,Depledge M.H.,Readman J.W.,Leonard D.R..2004.An integrated biomarkerbased strategy for ecotoxicological evaluation of risk in environmental management.Mutat.Res.,552:247-268.
Nagel,R.,2002.DarT:The embryo test with the zebrafish Danio rerio-a.general model in ecotoxicology and toxicology[J].Altex Altern.Tierexp.19,38-48.
Nagler J.J.,Cyr D.G..1997.Exposures of male American plaice(Hippoglossoides platessoides) to contaminated marine sediment decrease the hatching success of their progeny[J].Environ Toxicol Chem,16:1733-1738.
National Research Council,1989.Diet and health:Implications for reducing chronic disease risk.Washington DC,National Academy Press.
Nell J.A.,Livanos G..1988.Effect of fluoride concentration in seawater on growth and fluoride accumulation by Sydney rock oyster(Saccostrea commericialis)and flat oyster(ostrea angasi)spat[J].Water.Res.,22(6):749-753.
Nemcs(?)k J.G.,Hughes G.M..1988.The effect of copper sulphate on some biochemical parameters of rainbow trout[J].Environ.Pollut,49:77-85.
Neuhold J.M & Sigler W.F..1960.Effects of sodium fluoride on carp and rainbow trout[J].Trans.Am.Fish.Soc,89:358-370.
Neuhold J.M.,Sigler W.F..1962.Chlorides affect the toxicity of fluoride in rainbow trout.Science,135:732-733.
Nguyen L.T.H.,Adriaens D.,Janssen C.R..1997.Morphologicalabnormalities in African catfish (Chrias gariepinus) larvae exposed to malathion[J].Chemosphere,35:1475-1486.
Nguyen L.T.H.,Janssen C.R..2002.Embryo-Larval Toxicity Tests with the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus):Comparative Sensitivity of Endpoints[J].Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.,42:256-262.
OECD.1993.OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals.Paris.
OECD.1998.Fish,short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages(Guideline 212),p.9.
OECD.2000.Reports of the OECD expect consultation on testing in fish-EDF2.Tokyo.
Oehlenschlager J.,Manthey M..1982.Fluoride content of Antarctic marine animals caught off Elephant Island[J].Polar Biol,1:125-127.
Olivieri C.E.,Cooper K.R..1996.Toxicity of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD) in embryos and larvae of the fathead minnow(Pimephales promelas)[J].Chemosphere,34:1139-1150.
Osman A.G.M.,Wuertz S.,Mekkawy I.A.,Exner H.,Kirschbaum F..2007.Lead Induced Malformations in Embryos of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus(Burchell,1822)[J].Environ.Toxicol.,22:375-389.
Oxendine S.L.,Cowden J.,Hinton D.E.,Padilla S..2006.Adapting the medaka embryo assay to a high-throughput approach for developmental toxicity testing[J].NeuroToxicology,27:840-845.
Pankhurst N.V.,Boyden C.R.,Wilson J.B..1980.The effect of a fluoride effluent on marine organisms[J].Environ.Pollut.,23:299-312.
Panter G.H.,Hutchinson T.H.,L(?)nge R.,et al..2000.Development of a juvenile fish screening assay for the detection of endocrine active substances.CEFIC-EMSG Aquatic Research Programme.European Chemical Industry Council(CEFIC).Progress Report Project A:1-63.
Panter G.H.,Hutchinson T.H.,Nge R.L.,Lye CM.,Sumpter J.,Zerulla M.,Tyler C.R..2002.Utility of a juvenile fathead minnow screening assay for detecting(anti-) estrogenic substances[J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,21:319-326.
Papoulias D.M.,Noltie D.B.,Tillitt D.E..2000.An in vivo model fish system to test chemical effects on sexual differentiation and development:exposure to ethinyl estradiol[J].Aquat.Toxicol.,48:37-50.
Patrick F.M.,Loutit M.W..1978.Passage of metals to freshwater fish from their food[J].Water.Res.,12:395-398.
Payne J.F.,Kiceniuk J.W.,Squires W.R.,Fletcher G.L..1978.Pathological changes in marine fish after a 6-month exposed to petroleum[J].J.Fish.Res.Board.Can.,35:665-667.
Penttinen S.,Kukkonen J.,Oikari A..1995.The kinetics of cadmium in Daphnia magna as affected by humic substances and water hardness[J].Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf.,30:72-6.
Petersen G.I.,Norgren L.,Holbeeh H.,Lundgren A,Koivisto S..2001.Suitability of zebrafish as test organism for detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals[R].The Nordic project Group,Nordic countries.14-24.
Pickering A.D..1981.Introduction:the concept of biological stress.In:Stress and Fish.London,New York,Academic Press,1-9.
Pillai K.S.,Mane U.H..1984.The effect of fluoride on fertilized eggs of a freshwater fish,Catla catla(Hamilton)[J].Toxicol.Lett,22:139-144.
Pillai K.S.,Mane U.H..1985.Effect of fluoride effluent on fry of Catla catla(Hamilton)[J].Fluoride,18:104-110.
Pimental R.,Bulkley R.V..1983.Influence of water haraness of fluoride toxicity to rainbow trout [J].Environ.Toxicol.Chem.,2:381-386.
Pinskwar P.,Jezierska-Madziar M.,Golski J..2003.Fluoride in bone tissue offish sampled from the old Warta reservoirs near Lubon and Radzewice,Poland[J].Fluoride,36(3):185-188.
Predas E.E..1997.Accumulation and elimination of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by the fresh clam Anadonta grandis simpsoniana[J].Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.,54:41-46.
Purdom C.E.,Hardiman P.A.,Bye V.J..1994.Estrogenic effects from sewage treatment works[J].Chem.Ecol.,8:275-285.
Racotta I.S.,Hern(?)ndez-Herrera R..2000.Metabolic responses of the white shrimp,Penaeus vannamei,to ambient ammonia[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,125A:437-443.
Rajesh G.,Saroj.,Krishna G.,Madhu T.,Sharma U.D..2001.Fluoride induced haematological and histopathological changes in fresh water fish(Labeo rohita)[J].Biol.Memoirs,27(1):27-31.
Rand G.M.,Petrocelli S.R..1985.Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology.Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,New York,America,p 742.
Reddy M.S.,Rao K.V..1991.Methylparathion,carbaryl and aldrin impact on nitrogen metabolism of prawn,Penaeus indicus[J].Biochem.Int.,23:389-396.
Reddy P.S.,Bhagyalakshmi A..1994.Modulation of protein metabolism in selected tissues of the crab,Oziotelphusa senex(Fabricius),under fenvalerate-induced stress[J].Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf.,27:214-219.
Richard G,Federolf G,Habermann E..1986.Affinity of heavy metal ions to intracellular Ca~(2+)binding proteins[J].Biochem.Pharmacol.,35:1331-1335.
Riisgard H.U.,Kioboe T.,Mohlenberg F.,Drabask I.,Pheiffer Madsen P..1985.Accumulation,elimination and chemical speciation of mercury in the bivalves Mytilus edulis and Macoma balthica[J].Mar.Biol.,86:55-62.
Rodr(?)guez A.,Gallardo M.A.,Gisbert E.,Santilari S.,Ibarz A.,S(?)nchez J.,Castell(?)-Orvay F..2002.Osmoregulation in juvenile Siberian sturgeon(Acipenaer baerii)[J].Fish Physiol.Biochem.,26:345-354.
Rozalio S.,Premkishore G.,Chandren M.R..1992.Effect of zinc on the metabolism of the estuarine catfish,Mystus gulio.13th Annu.Sess.Acad.Environ.Biol.,27-29.
Rungruangsak-torrissen K..2007.Digestive efficiency,growth and qualities of muscle and oocyte in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) fed on diets with krill meal as an alternative protein source[J].J.Food.Biochem.,31,509-540.
Sahin A..1996.Biliary excretion of biochemically active cyanobacteria(blue green algae)hepatetoxins in fish[J].Toxicology,106:123-130.
Sahu N.K.,Karim M.A..1989.Fluoride incidence in natural waters in Amreli district Gujarat[J].J.Geol.Soc.India,33(5):450-456.
Samal U.N..1994.Effect of fluoride on growth of certain freshwater fishes[J].Environ.Ecol.,12(1):218-220.
Samis A.J.W.,Colgan P.W.,Johansen P.H..1994.Recovery from the effects of subchronic pentachlorophenol exposure on the growth of juvenile bluegill sunfish(Lepomis macrochirus)[J].Can.J.Zool.,72:1973-1977.
Sancho E.,Ferrando M.D.,Andreu E..1997.Sublethal effects of an organophosphate insecticide on the European eel,Anguilla anguilla[J].Ecotoxicol.Environ.,36:57-65.
Sands M.,Nicol S.,McMinn A..1998.Fluoride in Antarctic marine crustaceans[J].Mar.Biol.,132:591-598.
Shaikh Y.A.,Hiradhar P.K..1987.Histological observation on changes induced in some tissues of the edible mudskipper Boleophthalmus dussumieri exposed to sublethal concentrations of sodium fluoride[J].J.Anim.Morphol.Physiol.,34(1-2):69-75.
Shaikh Y.A.,Hiradhar P.K..1988.Alterations in the acid and alkaline phosphatase quantities in fluoride-exposed estuarine goby boleophalmus dussumieri[J].Fluoride,21(3):131-136.
Sheahan D.A.,Bucke D.,Matthiessen P.,Sumpter J.P.,Kirby M.F.,Neall P.,Waldock M..The effects of low levels of 17alpha-ethylnylestradiol upon plasma vitellogenin levels in male and female rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss.in sublethal and chronic effects of pollutants on freshwater fish,R.Muller,R.Lloyd,Eds.,Fishing News Books,London,1994,99-112.
Shi X.,Zhuang P.,Zhang L.,Feng G.,Chen L.,Liu J.,Qu L.,Wang R..2009.The bioaccumulation of fluorine ion(F~-) in Siberian sturgeon(Acipenser baerii) under laboratory conditions[J].Chemosphere,75:376-380.
Shimizu C,Ibrahim A.,Tokoro T.,Shirakawa Y..1990.Feeding stimulation in sea bream,Pagrus major,fed diets supplemented with Antarctic krill meals[J].Aquaculture,89:43-53.
Sigler W.F.,Neuhold J.M..1972.Fluoride intoxication in fish:A review[J].J.Wildlife Dis.,8:252-254.
Smith F.A..1983.Overview of fluorides in everyday life.In:fluoride.Effects on Vegetation,Animals and Humans.Eds.J.L.Shupe,H.B.Peterson and N.C.Leone.Paragon Press Inc,Salt Lake City,Utah.P.7-22.
Smith L.R.,Holsen T.M.,Ibay N.C,Block R.M.,Leon A.B..1985.Studies on the acute toxicity of fluoride ion to stickleback,fathead minnow and rainbow trout[J].Chemosphere,14:1383-1389.
S(?)vik T.,Braekkan O.R..1979.Fluoride in Antarctic Krill(Euphausia superba) and Atlantic Krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica)[J].J.Fish.Res.Board Can.,36:1414-1416.
Storebakken T..1988.Krill as a potential feed source for salmonids[J]..Aquaculture,70:193-205.
Subathra S.,Karuppasamy R..2007.Bioaccumulation and depuration pattern of copper in different tissues of Mystus vittatus,related to various size groups[J].Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.,54:236-244.
Suontama J.,Kiessling A.,Melle W.,Waagb(?) R.,Olsen R.E..2007.Protein from northern krill (Thysanoessa inermis),Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba) and the Arctic amphipod (Themisto libellula) can partially replace fish meal in diets to Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)without affecting product quality[J].Aquae.Nutr.,13:50-58.
Suresh A.,Sivaramakrishna B.,Radhakrishnaiah K..1993.Patterns of cadmium accumulation in the organs of fry and fingerlings of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio following cadmium exposure[J].Chemosphere,26:945-53.
Sweetman,S.C..2002.Martindale:The Complete Drug Reference.Pharmaceutical Press,London,p.2483.
Tarazona J.V.,Mufioz M.J.,Ortiz J.A.,Nufiez M.O.,Camargo J.A.1987.Fish mortality due to ammonia exposure[J].Aquacult.Fish.Manag.,18:167-172.
Taylor D..1983.The significance of the accumulation of cadmium by aquatic organisms[J].Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf.,7:33-42.
Thiews K.,Manthey M.,Koops H..1982.The carry-over of fluoride from krill meal pellets into rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri)[J].Arch.Fisch.Wiss.,32:39-42.
Thurston R.V.,T.A Gilfoil.,E.L Meyn.,R.K Zajdel.,T.I Aoki.,G.D Veith..1985.Comparative toxicity of ten organic chemicals to ten common aquatic species[J].Water.Res.,19(9):1145-1156.
Timme-Laragy A.R.,Levin E.D.,Richard T..2006.Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether mixture DE-71 in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)[J].Chemosphere,62:1097-1104.
Tou J.C.,Jaczynski J.,Chen Y.C..2007.Krill for human consumption:nutritional value and potential health benefits[J].Nutr.Rev.,65:63-77.
USEPA.2002.Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms.U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.EPA-821-R-02-012.
USEPA.2003.Revised Draft Detailed Review Paper on Fish Screening Assays for Endocrine Disruption.Washington,DC 20460.
Van den Belt K.,Verheyen R.,Witters H..2003.Effects of 17alphaethynylestradiol in a partial life-cycle test with zebrafish(Danio rerio):effects on growth,gonads and female reproductive success[J].Sci.Total Environ.,309:127-137.
Vannuccini S..1999.Shark utilization,marketing and trade.FAO Fisheries Technical Paper,389.
Varanka Z.,Rojik I.,Varanka I.,Nemcsok J.,Abraham M..2001.Biochemical and morphological changes in carp(Cyprinus carpio L.) liver following exposure to copper sulfate and tannic acid[J].Comp.Biochem Physiol.,128(3):467-78.
Verakunpiriya V.,Watanabe T.,Mushiake K.,Kiron V.,Satoh S.,Takeuchi T..1996.Effect of broodstock diets on the chemical components of milt and eggs produced by yellowtail[J].Fish.Sci.,62,610-619.
Verbost P.M.,Flick G.,Lock R.A.C.,Wendelaar Bonga S.E..1987.Cadmium inhibition of Ca2+uptake in rainbow trout gills[J].Am.J.Physiol.,253:216-221.
Virtue P.,Johannes R.E.,Nichols P.D.,Young J.W..1995.Biochemical composition of Nyctiphanes australis and its possibleuse as an aquaculture feed source-lipids,pigments and fluoride content[J].Mar.Biol.,122:121-128.
Von Westernhagen H..1988.Sublethal effects of pollutants on fish eggs and larvae.In:Hoar,W.S.,Randall,D.J.(Eds.),Fish Physiology,vol.11.Academic Press,San Diego,pp.253-346.
Wales J.H.,Sinnhuber R.O.,Hendricks J.D.,Nixon J.E.,Eisele T.A..1978.Aflatoxin Bl induction of hepatocellular carcinoma in the embryos of rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri)[J].J.Natl.Cancer.,60:1133-1139.
Walker M.K.,Cook P.M.,Batterman A.R.,et al..1994.Translocation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from adult female lake trout(Salvelinus namaycush) to oocytes:Effects on early life stage development and sac fry survival[J].Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.,51:1410-1419.
Walker M.K.,Peterson R.E..1991.Potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin,dibenzofuran,and biphenyl congeners,relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,for producing early life stage mortality in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Aquat.Toxicol.,21:219-238.
Wannemacher R.,Rebstock A.,Kulzer E.,Schrenk D.,Bock K..1992.Efects of 2,3,7,8-tetraehlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on reproduction and oogenesis in zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio)[J].Chemosphere,24(9):1361-1368.
Watanabe T.,Kiron V..1995.Broodstock management andnutritional approaches for quality offsprings in the Red Sea Bream.In:Bromage,N.R.,Roberts,R.J.(Eds.),Broodstock Management and Egg and Larval Quality.Cambridge Univ.Press.
Webb P.W.,Brett J.R..1973.Effects of sublethal concentrations of sodium pentachlorophente on growth rate,food conversion efficiency,and swimming performance in underyearling sockeye salmon(Onchorhynchus nerka)[J].J.Fish Res.Board.Can.,30:499-507.
Wedemeyer G.A.,McLeay D.J..1981.Methods for determining the tolerance of fishes to environmental stressors.In:Pickering A D,Ed.Stress and Fish.Academic Press,London,247-275
Wedemeyer G.A..1976.Physiological response of juvenile coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisuich)and rainbow trout(Sabno gairdnerf) to hanlding and crowding stress in intensive fish culture [J].J.Fish.Res.Board.Can,33:2699-2702.
Weis P,Weis J.S..1991.The development toxicity of metals and metalloids in fish.In:Newman MC,Mcintosh AW(eds) Metal ecotoxicology-concepts and applications.Lewis,MI,p 145.
WHO(World Health Organization),1994.Fluorides and Oral Health.Technical report series 846.World Health Organization,Geneva,Switzerland.
WHO.2002.Fluorides.Environmental Health Criteria;227.World Health Organization,Geneva,Switzerland.
Winston G.W..1991.Oxidants and antioxidants in aquatic animal[J].Comp.Biochem.Physiol,100C:173-176.
Wisk J.D,Cooper K.R..1990.The stage specific toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in embryos of the Japanese medaka(Oryzias latipes)[J].Environ.Toxicol,9:1159-1169.
Witeska M,Jezierska B,Chaber J..1995.The influence of cadmium on common carp embryos and larvae[J].Aquaculture,129:129-32.
Wood CM..1993.Ammonia and urea metabolism and excretion.In:Evans D H,Ed.The Physiology of Fishes.CRC Marine Science Series,Boca Raton,379-425.
Wright D.A..1977.Toxicity of fluoride to brown trout fry(Salmo trutia)[J].Environ.Pollut,12:57-62.
Yamagami K...1981.Mechanisms of hatching in fish:secretion of hatching enzyme and enzymatic choriolysis[J].Am.Zool,21:459-471.
Yang H.N,Chen H.C..1996.Uptake and elimination of cadmium by Japanese eel,Anguilla japonica,at various temperatures[J].Bull.Environ.Contain.Toxicol,56:670-6.
Yin D.Q,Hu S.Q,Jin H.J,Yu L.W..2003.Deriving freshwater quality criteria for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol for protection of aquatic life in China[J].Chemosphere,52:67-73.
Yoshitomi B,Aoki M,Oshima S,Hata K..2006.Evaluation of krill(Euphausia superba) meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets[J].Aquaculture,261(1):440-446.
Yoshitomi B,Aoki M,Oshima S..2007.Effect of total replacement of dietary fish meal by low fluoride krill(Euphausia superba) meal on growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in fresh water[J].Aquaculture,266:219-225.
Zhuang P,Kynard B,Zhang L,Zhang T,Cao W..2003.Comparative ontogenetic behavior and migration of kaluga,Huso dauricus,and Amur sturgeon,Acipenser schrenckii,from the Amur River[J].Environ.Biol.Fish,66:37-48.