摘要
基于材料本身的各种物理效应,智能材料可实现电、磁、热等能量与机械能之间的相互转换,是集驱动与传感于一体的新型功能材料,并成为从大功率换能器件到微纳尺度元件设计与制造的基础。常见的智能材料包括超磁致伸缩材料、压电材料、形状记忆合金、电致伸缩及磁流／电流变液等材料,它们在精密驱动、超精密加工、超声切削、振动主动控制及无损检测等领域有着广泛的应用。智能材料在能量转换的过程中普遍存在输入信号与输出信号之间的迟滞行为,对于超磁致伸缩材料,其体现为磁滞,实际上是一种能量的损耗。本文针对超磁致伸缩材料的磁滞行为,以材料物理本质属性为基础,采用磁、机械、磁机耦合三种损耗及其相应损耗因子来表征材料的磁滞行为,研究了三种损耗因子的计算与测量方法,为超磁致伸缩材料在高频、大功率等场合下的应用提供分析与建模的基础。
本文所做的主要研究工作及创新点体现在以下四个方面：
1、超磁致伸缩材料磁滞非线性建模的方法包括基于物理磁滞模型,如Jiles-Atherton磁滞模型、自由能模型,以及基于数学方法的Preisach磁滞模型等,但这些模型在动态应用条件下的时间响应性、计算复杂度以及在表现材料物理本质属性方面皆有一定局限性。磁滞从物理的本质上讲实际上是一种能量的损耗,本文基于Gibbs、Helmholtz自由能推导的线性压磁本构方程组,采用磁、机械、磁机耦合三种损耗及其损耗因子来表征材料的磁滞行为,在内耗理论的基础上分析了磁滞损耗的物理本质,保证了磁滞表征方法在动态应用中的简洁直接、快速响应及准确的特点。
2、磁、机械、磁机耦合三种损耗因子表征的理论基础是超磁致伸缩振子的阻抗表达及其与共振和反共振点的机械品质因素之间的关系。考虑到磁致伸缩材料的各向异性,同时建立了k33、k31、kt、kp、k15五种振子振动模式的阻抗表达,并推导出各模式下的磁、机械、磁机耦合损耗因子与机械品质因素Q之间的关系表达。
3、在实验方法上,建立了磁滞损耗因子的高能量表征实验平台,以k33轴向伸长模式为基础,获得了该模式下的损耗因子及其在各种偏置磁场条件下的变化趋势及若干关键参数的变化特征。采用区别于驱动线圈的感应线圈的阻抗特性,以降低线圈本身参数属性对振子阻抗特性及损耗因子的影响。同时,将考虑损耗因子的等效电路分析方法应用到超磁致伸缩换能器的建模中。并分析了恒定电流驱动(磁场恒定)、恒定电压驱动(磁感应强度恒定)以及恒定振幅输出(输入功率恒定)三种驱动方式对损耗因子实验测量过程的影响。
4、涡流损耗是超磁致伸缩材料动态应用的另一种主要损耗,其大小与材料的物理属性(电阻率、磁导率)、几何形状(圆柱、叠片等)及器件工作的频率密切相关。决定涡流损耗的关键因素是涡流截止频率,抑制涡流损耗的方法包括提高材料的电阻率或采用薄片及其叠堆形式的材料结构。为降低涡流损耗对超磁致伸缩材料磁滞损耗分析过程的影响,本论文分析了整体棒状结构与叠堆结构的超磁致伸缩棒的涡流损耗模型,通过试验分析了两种结构材料的涡流损耗对器件阻抗频谱及振动输出的影响,验证了实验结果与模型的一致性。
以上研究成果与创新内容解决了超磁致伸缩材料在动态应用时的磁滞损耗的表征与涡流损耗的抑制等关键问题,丰富了磁滞损耗建模方法,并保证了新的磁滞建模方法的简洁直接、快速响应及反映材料的固有物理属性的特点。磁滞损耗理论与实验结果相结合,论文在研究内容上是自洽的。
本学位论文得到国家自然科学基金项目‘‘Galfenol智能型悬臂梁非线性耦合动力学模型研究”(51175395)、“基于惯性冲击的磁致伸缩式微小无缆驱动器研究”(51165035)、教育部博士点基金项目“基于磁各向异性的Galfenol本征非线性模型及其应用研究”(20090143110005)及广西制造系统与先进制造技术重点实验室开放基金项目“考虑磁滞与涡流瞬态损耗的超磁致伸缩致动器建模及其动态应用研究”(11-031-12S05)的资助。
Smart materials can transform electric, magnetic and thermal energies into mechanical energy, which is based on varied physical effects within the materials. They are also known as new functional materials combining the ability of actuation and sensing together, which makes them the designing and manufacturing basis from high power transducers to micro/nano scale devices. The usual smart materials include giant magnetostrictive materials, piezoelectrics, shape memory alloy, electroactive materials and magneto-rheological/electrorheological fluid, which are widely applied in precise actuation, ultra-precise machining, ultrasonic cutting, active vibration control, non-destructive testing and so on. Hystersis exists with smart materials between the input and the output signals in the process of transforming energies, which is named as magnetic hystereis specially for giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM in short). Hystereis is actual a kind of energy loss. In order to study and characterize the hysteresis behavior of GMM, the method of using three types of losses, magnetic, mechanical and piezomagnetic losses and their losses factors is adopted in this thesis based on the physical intrinsic properties of materials. Research includes the expression and measuring method of these losses, which will be the base in analyzing and modeling dynamic and high power giant magnetostrictive materials devices.
The main content and creative aspects are depicted in the following four parts:
1. The hysteresis modeling methods for giant magnetostrictive materials include physical hysteresis models, Jiles-Athertonmodel and Free-energy model, and mathematical hysteresis model, Preisach model and so on. These models are limited in dynamic applications, time response, and computing complexity and in indicating the physical origin. Hysteresis is a kind of energy losses in actual physical meaning. The thesis adopt three types of losses, magnetic, mechanical and piezomagnetic losses to characterize hysteresis behavior, based on the Gibbs and Helmholtz free energy and linear constitutive equations. This method analyzes the internal friction theory and the physical origin of hysteresis loss, and aims to keep the modeling method simple, quick in response and accurate.
2. The impedance expressions and mechanical quality factors at resonance and anti-resonnace of giant magnetostrictive resonators are the bases for the characterization of magnetic, mechanical and piezomagnetic losses factors. Considering the anisotropic of the material, impedance expressions in k33、k33、kt、kp、 k15modes, and the relationships between losses factors and their mechanical quality factors are established.
3. In experimental method, the high power characterization platform was designed, and experiments were conducted for k33mode. The changing characteristics of losses factors and some key parameters with defferent bias magnetic field were abtained. Here, sensing coil was adopted for measuring impedance, since impedance is sensitive to the coil parameters. To extend the modeling for giant magnetostrictive devices, the equivalent circuits combing losses factors are consider in the thesis. What's more, the affects of driving techniques of constant current, constant voltage and constant power for losses analysis were introduced.
4. Eddy current loss is one of main losses for dynamic applications of giant magnetostrictive materials, and is determined by physical properties (resistance, permeability), geometry (cylinder, plate) of materials and also the working frequency. The key parameter that affects the eddy current loss is the eddy current cut-off frequency. The methods in restricting eddy current losses include increasing the resistance of materials and using thin laminated structures. In this thesis, the model of eddy current losses for monolithic and laminated structures were established, and the experimental results of impedance spectra and vibration amplititute for these two kind of structures were shown, which were in consistant with the models.
The results and creative points obtained in this thesis solved the problems of characterizing hysteresis loss and eddy current loss, and enrich the modeling mehods of hysteresis loss, and keep the method simple, quick in time response and indicate the originally physical meaning. The theory of hysteresis loss was combined with the experimental results, showing the self-consistant of the entire thesis.
The research work in this thesis was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51175395, and No.51165035), Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No.20090143110005) and program from Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System&Advanced Manufacturing Technology (Contract No.11-031-12S05).
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