摘要
近些年来，由于石油价格不断飘升并持续高位振荡，使得能源供需问题引起了全世界的普遍关注。鉴于老油田与正开采油田中现有套管井的庞大数量，开展有关套管外地层电阻率特性识别技术的研究具有相当重要的意义。长期以来，电阻率测井多采用谐变电磁场，但这种方法存在一些固有缺陷。如感应测井混叠在二次场中的直耦信号，需要采取多项措施加以消除，从而增加了仪器设计的难度与复杂性。过套管电阻率测井中由于电极系与套管壁接触不良而造成信噪比偏低，使得仪器分辨率不佳、工作效率不高。频域电磁测井中由于金属套管对电磁波强烈的屏蔽作用，造成接收线圈难以获取来自地层的响应信号，限制了该方法在生产井测井领域中的进一步应用。
瞬变电磁法利用阶跃波或脉冲电流场源作为激励，在一次场的间歇期，测量响应信号随时间的变化规律。该方法具有对电阻率敏感、不存在直接耦合、探测距离与时间特性相对应等优点，因而对目标体的分辨率明显优于频域电磁法。另外，瞬变电磁信号中的低频成分还能够有效提高信号对套管的穿透能力。因而可以较好解决传统电阻率测井中的诸多问题。目前，国内外关于瞬变电磁法的研究成果主要集中于地热与地壳结构调查、物探与工程勘察等领域。这些应用中的发射装置通常采用沿地面布设的大回线框，有效探测范围为地下半空间。与此不同，油气生产井测井仪器的响应受到井眼周围有效探测范围内所有地层导电性的综合影响，因而是全空间地球物理场问题。本文针对油气生产井的实际工作环境与特点，提出了基于瞬变电磁法的生产井电阻率测井方法。研究了油气生产井瞬变电磁探测基础理论、方法及关键技术。在国家863计划项目的支撑下，对生产井瞬变电磁探测装置实施了室内、外实验研究。取得的主要研究成果如下：
1.电磁波在非均匀介质中传播时，在导电媒质的交界面处会产生传播效应。针对传统分析方法缺乏对其直观描述这一问题，本文深入研究了电磁波在非均匀介质中传播时产生的传播效应，并给出了其形象化表述，为进一步揭示生产井中电磁波的传播特性提供了理论依据。采用几何因子理论、趋肤效应几何因子理论以及电磁波传播理论，计算了纵向分层导电介质的视电导率曲线。结果表明，电磁波传播理论既考虑电磁波的幅度衰减和相位移动，又考虑电磁波在媒质交界面发生的反射与折射，因而是分析非均匀介质问题时精度最高的一种方法。该方法为油气生产井中电磁响应的理论计算提供了方法和依据。
2.基于电磁感应原理，提出了生产井瞬变电磁电阻率测井方法，避免了过套管电阻率仪器由于电极系与套管壁接触不良，而造成信噪比偏低、分辨率不佳等问题。该方法采用非接触方式实现生产井测井，以瞬态信号作为激励源，接收信号不仅对电阻率敏感，而且信号的时间延迟特性与探测深度相对应。详细分析了井中电偶源的频域电磁响应特征，结果表明，芯棒内的涡流损耗与发射信号频率和芯棒电导率均成正比。只有低频电磁波甚至超低频电磁波才能有效穿透套管进入地层。为使电磁波信号穿透套管进入地层，应根据套管厚度，及时调整发射信号频率。这些结论为进一步研究生产井瞬变电磁响应特征奠定了良好基础。
3.针对典型油气生产井的实际工作环境与特点，建立了生产井瞬变电磁测井计算模型。目前，国内外有关生产井瞬变电磁法数值模拟方面的报道仍接近空白。为此，本文推导了包含井液、套管、水泥环和地层的径向非均匀介质中，瞬态磁偶源的时域电磁响应表达式，研究了各介质层的瞬变电磁响应特征。结果表明，在套管厚度变化端点处，瞬变电磁响应存在明显异常，由此可以识别套管接箍与套管厚度变化。套管内径越小，瞬变电磁响应幅度越高，衰减时间越长。套管相对磁导率的瞬变电磁响应特征与此正好相反。对于低导地层，低阻水泥环会产生较大的测量误差；而对高导地层，水泥环厚度的影响则可忽略不计。井中瞬变电磁响应信号幅度比过套管电阻率仪器的nV级信号高出3～4个数量级。从而为井中瞬变电磁探测装置参数设计及测井信号解释提供了理论依据。
4.根据理论研究结果，构建了井中瞬变电磁探测装置实验系统，对其关键技术进行了仿真研究，确定了井中探测装置发射参数设计原则，并给出了取值范围。明确了生产井中最佳观测装置形式与发射信号波形。理论分析了发射线圈导线、发射线圈匝数以及发射电流幅度对激励信号关断时间的影响。通过对接收线圈等效电路的理论分析，详细讨论了斜阶跃波激励下接收线圈上全程感应电动势的过渡过程。为缩短线圈的固有过渡过程，确定应采用接入匹配电阻并增大阻尼系数的方法，使接收线圈工作于临界阻尼状态。给出了匹配电阻和接收线圈分布电容的估算方法。为井中瞬变电磁探测装置参数研究与井下实验奠定了基础。
5.研制了生产井瞬变电磁探测装置原理样机，开展了大量室内、外实验研究。室内实验结果显示，该方法对金属套管外不同电导率介质具有较好的探测效果。人工异常体探测实验表明，探测装置对套管外不同人工异常体的响应存在明显差异，表明该装置能够有效探测低阻异常体。室内水池实验结果说明，当套管外液体电导率改变时，响应信号具有较强的判断能力。通过模拟井实验，进一步对比研究了生产井瞬变电磁探测装置对套管外介质的探测性能。通过理论建模、数值模拟以及室内、外探测实验，验证了瞬变电磁法线圈参数设计的合理性以及正演模型与计算方法的正确性。
本文的研究成果为瞬变电磁法在我国油气生产井资源勘探领域中的应用奠定了理论基础，为油气井瞬变电磁探测仪器的设计与研究提供了方法和依据。
Recent years witness the ever soaring international oil prices, which draws a lot ofattention of oil supply and demand worldwide. Considering the huge amount of thecased holes of the old oilfields and oilfields that are being explored, conducting theresearch of identification technology for formation resistivity is the top priority ofpetroleum researchers and workers. For a long time, the frequency domainelectromagnetic method is often used in the field of electromagnetic logging. However,this approach has some inherent defects. For example, the direct coupled signal thataliasing in the secondary field in induction logging, which need to take a number ofmeasures to eliminate, thus increasing the difficulty and complexity of the instrumentdesign. In the through casing resistivity logging, the poor contact between electrodesand the casing wall caused the signal to noise ratio is low, which makes the instrumentresolution is poor and the working efficiency is not high. Furthermore, due to the strongshielding effect of the metal casing on the electromagnetic wave signal infrequency domain electromagnetic logging, which is limits the further application ofthis method.
The transient electromagnetic method use step wave or pulsed current field sourcesas an excitation, and measure the response signal in the interim period of the primaryfield. The method has some advantages such as sensitive to resistivity, has no directcoupling, the detection range is corresponding to time, and so on. Thus the resolution tothe target body is significantly superior to the frequency domain electromagneticmethod. In addition, the low frequency components of the transient electromagneticsignals can also improve the ability of the signal penetrate the casing. These advantagescan be better way to solve many problems in the traditional resistivity logging. Atpresent, the domestic and foreign researchs on the transient electromagnetic method aremainly focused in geothermal and crustal structure survey, geophysical and engineeringinvestigations areas. The transmitting frame in these applications is laid on the ground,and its effective detection range is the half space underground. But the distribution oftransient electromagnetic logging response is synthetically affected by the groundconductivity within the effective detection area around the borehole, which is a wholespace geophysical field problem. In view of this, for the actual work environment andcharacteristics of the oil and gas production wells, the dissertation proposed theproduction wells resistivity logging method based on the transient electromagnetictheory. And mainly surveys basic theory, methods and key technologies for oil and gas production wells transient electromagnetic detection. With the support of national863plan, the author conducts an experimental research of various media of differentresistivity characteristics outside the casing based on transient electromagnetic method.The main research results obtained are as follows:
1. When electromagnetic wave spread in inhomogeneous media, it will produce thepropagation effects at the interface of the conductive medium. Traditional analyticalmethods lack the intuitive description for this phenomenon. This dissertation in depthstudies the propagation effects produced in the spreading process of electromagneticwave in inhomogeneous medium, and gives the its figurative representation. Which isprovides a basis for further reveals the propagation characteristics of electromagneticwave in production wells. In this dissertation, three methods, which are geometric factor,geometric factor theory of skin effect, theory of electromagnetic wave propagation,have been used to calculate the apparent conductivity curve of vertical layeredconductive media. The research results show that in the analysis of electromagneticfield distribution in inhomogeneous medium, the theory of electromagnetic wavepropagation not only allows for amplitude attenuation and phase shift produced byelectromagnetic wave, but also considers the reflection and refraction which take placein media cross interface, therefore it is the most accurate method in analyzinginhomogeneous medium, thus providing some ideas and methodologies for thetheoretical calculation of transient electromagnetic method.
2. Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, this dissertation put forwarda transient electromagnetic resistivity logging method for production wells. It can avoidthe problem of the low signal to noise ratio and the poor resolution in through casingresistivity instrument. This method uses non contact manner to achieve production welllogging and applys transient signal as the excitation. The received signal is not onlysensitive to the resistivity, and the time delay characteristics of it is corresponds to thedetection depth. According to the basic theory of frequency domain electromagneticfield, this dissertation analyzed the electromagnetic response characteristics of electricdipole source in detail. The simulation results show that the eddy current loss insidemandrel is proportional to the transmit signal frequency and the mandrel conductivity.Only low frequency electromagnetic waves and even ultra low frequencyelectromagnetic waves can effectively penetrate the casing into the formation. In orderto make electromagnetic wave penetrate the casing into formation, one should adjust thetransmission frequency in time according to casing thickness. But the changes of casingradius have no similar problems. These conclusions have laid a solid foundation for further study the transient electromagnetic response characteristics in production wells.
3. For the actual characteristics of the oil and gas production wells，this dissertationestablished the calculated model for transient electromagnetic method in borehole. Atpresent, the reports on the numerical simulation of transient electromagnetic method inproducing wells in domestic or foreign are close to the blank. In view of this, the authordeduces the electromagnetic response expression of transient magnetic dipole source inaxisymmetric layered medium including borehole mud, metal casing, cement sheath andformation. In addition, the also author calculates the transient electromagnetic responsecharacteristics of the layered midium. The research shows that, at the point wherecasing thickness varies in some sections of the well, transient electromagnetic responsesare abnormal, in this way, the thickness of casing and casing collar can be identified.The higher the relative permeability, the more difficult the electromagnetic signals cango through the case, the lower the amplitude of the response signal. And the transientelectromagnetic response characteristics of the casing diameter are opposite to it. Withregard to low conductivity formation, low resistivity cement sheath can result in greaterinaccuracy, and as for the high conductivity formation, the influence of cement sheaththickness on response signals can be neglected. The transient electromagnetic responsesignal amplitude in borehole is higher than the through casing resistivity instrumentsignal for three to four orders. This has provided theoretical base for the parameterdesign of transient electromagnetic detection devices and logging signal interpretation.
4. In according to the above theoretical results, this dissertation builded a transientelectromagnetic detection devices experimental system in borehole, and carried out asimulation study for key technologies. The parameters design principles of transientelectromagnetic devices are proposed and the range of emission parameters is also given.Moreover, the author has designated the optimum observatory devices in oil and gaswells. The transmitted signal waveform is determined. And the impact of transmit coilwire, coil turns and the emission current amplitude on the excitation signal off time arealso analyzed. What’s more, the author, by analyzing receiving coil equivalent circuit,also discusses in detail the transitory process of full induced electromotive force byramp wave excitation. In order to shorten the intrinsic transitory process of coil, theauthor believes that adding matching resistor and increasing damping should be utilizedto make the receiving coil in critical damping. In addition, the estimating methods ofmatching resistor and distributed capacitance have already been given, thus paving theway for parameter research of transient electromagnetic detection devices andunderground experiments.
5. A prototype of transient electromagnetic detection device in production wells isdeveloped in this dissertation. And the author also conducts indoor and outdoor researchfor through casing resistivity transient electromagnetic detection. Indoor simulationexperiment proves the effectiveness of the ring current source around the mandrel ondifferent conductivity media. Artificial abnormal body detection experiment shows thatthere is a greater difference of detection devices on outside casing artificial abnormalbody, illustrating that this device can effectively detect low resistance abnormal body.Indoor pool detection experiments shows that when adjusting outside casing liquidconductivity, the response signals of detection devices possess greater judging ability.By simulated well experiment, the author further compares and researches theperformance of oil and gas wells transient electromagnetic detection devices on outsidecasing medium. In this way, and the rationality of the transient electromagnetic methodcoil design, and the correctness of forward model and calculation for it have alreadybeen proven.
The research findings lay a theoretical foundation for the application of transientelectromagnetic method in exploration and detection of oil and gas production wells.Furthermore, this dissertation also provides the way and basis for the research anddesign of transient electromagnetic detection devices in oil and gas wells.
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