摘要
桥梁是交通运输系统的重要组成部分,桥梁结构的安全是交通运输系统正常运转的前提。但实际中往往由于设计、施工、不当使用、自然灾害等原因,使得许多桥梁发生老化、破损、裂缝等现象,甚至发生垮坍、断裂等严重后果,近年来这方面的例子不胜枚举。因此对桥梁结构进行健康监测研究,有重要的理论意义和实用价值。同时,由于监测结果比较抽象,不易被人们接受,研究工作者正在积极探索着如何对监测数据作更形象直观的描述。
结构损伤识别是桥梁结构健康监测系统的重要组成部分。基于振动测试的结构损伤识别方法是目前国内外研究的热点,尽管已经提出的损伤识别理论和方法很多,但是都不同程度地存在一定局限性；近年来的小波分析作为一种新兴的数字信号处理工具,在空间、频率域都具有表征信号局部特征的能力,能对奇异信号进行很好的分析,在损伤识别领域得到广泛应用；同时,可视化技术在医学、地质等领域应用较多,而在损伤检测方面的应用比较少见。针对目前结构损伤识别方法的研究现状和前沿课题的需要,本论文对拱结构的损伤识别进行重点研究,结合小波分析理论,形成用于检测拱结构的损伤指标,并将其可视化为直观的结果。
本文的主要研究内容有：
1)回顾了国内外基于结构模态信息损伤检测与诊断的发展与现状；论述了小波时频变换理论作为奇异信号分析的有力工具的发展及其在损伤检测中的应用；概述了目前的图形图像处理技术和应用；分析了实现损伤检测可视化的必要性和可行性。
2)重点研究拱结构的振动特性,分析了完好和损伤拱的振动微分方程的建立、求解,以扭转弹簧代替损伤,给定结构边界条件,得出了完好结构的固有频率和振型；并对抛物线拱进行了分析。
3)有限元模拟了完好和多种损伤工况下拱结构的振动特性。位移模态采用线单元,应变模态采用实体单元,模拟了铰支和固支两种不同的边界条件。在此基础上构造出频率摄动法、模态差、曲率模态差、应变模态等损伤检测方法。
4)将小波分析理论运用到拱结构的损伤检测。研究了连续小波变换和多分辨率分析的损伤识别效果；分析了Lip指数与损伤奇异性的关系,并通过集中因子来判定损伤的程度；同时讨论了多裂纹拱和抛物线拱的损伤识别,并研究了小波消失矩、边界和噪声对损伤识别的影响。
5)对拱结构进行位移模态试验和应变模态实验,输入输出方式选择了多点激励单点响应和单点激励多点响应,传感器采用了加速度传感器和应变片传感器,损伤设置了单裂纹和多裂纹,研究各工况下的模态频率和模态振型,并用于损伤识别。
6)将可视化的概念引入到损伤检测领域,介绍了可视化在其他领域的应用,研究了可视化的分类和比较,并讨论了图形可视化和图像可视化的实现方法,最后将拱结构的损伤识别结果进行可视化。分析了损伤可视化的变化规律,并给出了结构损伤识别结果可视化的下一步研究方向。
研究过程中形成的主要结论有：(1)拱结构的振动方程为6阶微分方程,单损伤拱的特征方程为12阶矩阵的行列式；(2)损伤处的振型出现奇异性,模态差、曲率模态差、应变模态能识别结构损伤,利用小波变换能使损伤识别结果更明显；(3)损伤位置和损伤程度是影响损伤识别的两个重要因素,是一对相互制约的组合量,靠近结构模态节点的小损伤不利于结构裂纹识别；(4)可视化的损伤识别结果显示了结构的外观信息,适应人们的视觉认知,更易被人们接受。
本论文的创新之处在于：
(1)典型结构的选取和分析：拱是一类比较复杂的结构,圆弧拱和抛物线拱在工程应用较多,其损伤检测方面的研究较少。文中研究了拱结构的振动特征,对拱进行有限元模拟,并进行了模态试验研究。
(2)模态节点对损伤识别的影响分析：相对于梁板结构,拱的模态节点比较多(1阶模态存在模态节点)。本文研究了拱的模态节点的位置和个数对损伤检测的影响,提出了多种模态综合识别损伤的方法,并讨论了结构检测中损伤位置和损伤程度的组合特性。
(3)小波分析对拱的损伤检测：小波分析对奇异信号有良好的识别功能,损伤拱的振型存在不连续,损伤处包含奇异性。小波分析的引进增加了拱的损伤识别方法,提升了拱的裂纹检测效果。
(4)可视化和损伤检测方法的结合：检测指标经过多年的发展,形成了频率变化、振型差异、应变测试,以及优化算法等适用于部分结构的指标,因指标的抽象性使其在工程上的推广得到限制。文中在可视化时先生成结构的轮廓信息,再将损伤指标转化成对应的灰度和色度,最后以想象直观的方式展示损伤。
Bridge is one of the vital parts of the traffic and transportation system. The healthy status of bridge structures is the premise for traffic and transportation system to operate normally. At present, some bridges appear aging, damage and crack even breaking down collapses for some reasons, such as design, construction, management, natural disasters and so on. There are too many examples to cite individually. Thereby, it is of great significance in theory and practice to perform health monitoring for bridge structures. Also, because monitoring results are rather abstract and difficult to be accepted, researchers are actively exploring how to show the monitoring data for a more intuitive description of the image.
Structural damage identification techniques are the important components of health monitoring system of bridge structures. The vibration-based methods for the structural damage identification are the hot researches at home and abroad. Many theories and methods for damage identification have been presented, however, there are varying certain limitations in these techniques for damage detection to some degrees; Recently, wavelet analysis as a new kind of digital signal processing tools have the capacity of charactering the local features of signals in space and frequency domain, can make a good analysis of signal singularity, for this reason which can be widely applied in injury recognition area; At the same time, the application of visualization techniques in medicine, geology and other fields is more, but less in damage detection area. For the current research status of structural damage identification method and the needs of cutting-edge issues, in this thesis research is emphasized on damage identification of the arch structure, combined with wavelet analysis theory. The damage detection indexes of arch structure are formed and the injury recognition results are visualized vividly.
The research works in this dissertation mainly include:
(1) A general view of the latest development in the fields of damage detection and diagnose based on structural mode at home and aboard. The development and application in damage detection with wavelet analysis as powerful tool in irregular signal are illustrated. The technique and use of graph and image at present are summarized. The necessary and feasibility of realizing damage identification visualization are analysis.
(2) The vibration characteristics of arch is heavily researched. The establishment and solution of vibration differential equation of intact and damage arch are analyzed, replacing damage with torsion spring, giving the structure of boundary conditions, and obtaining the natural frequencies and mode shapes. Simultaneously parabolic arch is analyzed.
(3) Vibration characteristics in intact and damaged arch are simulated by the finite element method. Displacement modes and strain modes are simulated separately employing line elements and solid elements, two different boundary conditions (hinge support and fixed support) are used. The damage detection methods such as frequency perturbation method, mode difference, modal curvature difference, strain mode et al. are constructed based on the simulation.
(4) The wavelet analysis theory is applied to the arch structure damage detection. The damage identification results via the continuous wavelet transform and multi-resolution analysis are studied; the relationship between the Lip index and damage singularity is analyzed and the extent of injury is determined through concentration factor. Simultaneity the damage identification for the multi-cracks arch and parabolic arch is discussed; the effects of wavelet vanishing moments, the boundary and noise on the damage identification are research.
(5) Displacement mode test and strain mode experiment of the arch structure are performed, the input and output approaches on single-point excitation and multi-point response, multi-point excitation and single-point response are selected, acceleration sensors and strain gauge are used, a single crack and multi-crack are set up in arch, the mode frequencies and vibration shapes for damage identification in diverse conditions are studied.
(6) The concept of visualization is introduced to the damage detection field, describing the application of visualization in other areas, the classification and comparison on visualization are studied, and the implementation method of the graphical visualization and image visualization are discussed, finally the arch structure damage identification results are visualized. The regularity of visual damage results is analyzed, and the following research on the visualization of the structural damage detection results is given.
The main conclusions formed during the study are:(1) The vibration equation of arch is a 6 order differential equations, the characteristic equation of a single injury arch is the determinant of the 12 order square matrix; (2) The injury enable mode shape to exist singularity in damage position, resulting to the structural damage detection by mode variety, curvature mode change, and strain mode et al., and a more obvious detection results using wavelet transform; (3) The damage location and damage degree are two important factors affecting the damage detection, is a pair of mutual restraint combination. The small injury near mode nodes is not conducive to be identified; (4) the visualization of structure damage identification results show the appearance of the structure, meet the people's visual perception and is more easily accepted.
The innovations of this paper are:
(1) The selection and analysis of the typical structure:arch is a relatively complicated structure, circular arch and the parabolic arch is employed more in engineering, whereas there is the less research of damage detection in arch. In the paper, the vibration characteristics and the numerical simulation of the arch is studied, and the arch modal testes are carried out.
(2) The impact of mode node to damage detection:there are more mode nodes (1mode node in first mode) in arch structure relative to mode nodes in the beam and plate. In this paper, the influence of mode nodes position and number in arch on the damage detection is investigated, the multi-mode damage identification approach is proposed, and the combination features of damage location and damage severity in structural damage detection is discussed.
(3) The damage detection in arch with wavelet analysis:the wavelet analysis has a good recognition to the singular signals, the vibration shape in the damage arch is a discontinuous mode, which containing the singularity in damage location. The damage identification methods in arch are increased and the crack detection effect is improved by introducing wavelet analysis.
(4) The integration of the visualization and damage detection methods:damage detection indicators such as the frequency variety, the vibration change, strain testing, and optimization algorithms, fitting for the part of the structure are formed during the years of development, wherever the application of the indicator to the engineer structure is restricted for the abstract of the damage indicator. In the paper, first, the outline information of arch is performed in visualizing, then damage index is converted into the corresponding gray and color, finally the structural image containing damage is displayed exactly and vividly.
引文
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