摘要
随着城市化进程的加快和农业集约化生产的发展,城乡垃圾、污水污泥、畜禽养殖废弃物以及农村秸秆等有机废弃物的出路问题日益严峻,堆肥化是解决有机固体废弃物出路问题最具潜力的方法之一。但由于有机固体废弃物的种类多样,其堆肥化产品的物理、化学及生物性质存在很大差异。而堆肥化产品通常只作为有机肥而主要关注其肥效,而对不同原料堆肥化产品的特点及其它方面功效的研究和利用较少。本文以典型有机废弃物猪粪、污泥、药渣的堆肥化产品为对象,重点开展其在基质利用和防治植物土传细菌病害方面的应用潜力。主要取得如下结果：
(1)以猪粪为例开展了典型有机废弃物堆肥条件优化的研究,分别用木屑、药渣、菇渣、砻糠灰作为猪粪堆肥的调理剂,调节C/N在25左右,含水率65%左右,进行堆肥发酵,结果表明4个处理均约在49d内达到腐熟,但不同调理剂对猪粪堆肥化过程和堆肥产品性质的影响存在显著差异,用木屑作调理剂的堆体升温最快,而且高温持续时间最长,用砻糠灰作调理剂高温持续时间最短；4个处理的N+P2O5+K2O都>4.0%,其中药渣处理最高,依次是砻糠灰处理和菇渣处理,最低的是木屑处理；从保氮和N、P、K总养分方面,药渣作调理剂最好；选砻糠灰作调理剂可提高堆肥产品的TK含量。不同废弃物的性质不同,其适宜的调理剂也不同。课题组对不同废弃物堆肥的的调理剂试验表明,无论用哪种有机废弃物,其初始堆体原料的C/N调节在25-30,含水率调节在60-65%最有利于堆肥的快速发酵。
(2)以猪粪堆肥、污泥堆肥和药渣堆肥为典型开展了堆肥替代泥炭作育苗基质的可行性研究,结果表明用药渣堆肥和污泥堆肥替代泥炭的处理在性质上与泥炭比较接近,可以作为泥炭替代物用作育苗基质,用猪粪堆肥替代的处理与泥炭的性质差异较大。用猪粪堆肥替代的处理养分含量、pH值、EC值都显著高于泥炭,阳离子交换量显著低于泥炭,pH值、EC值、Cu和Zn含量超出了理想基质的范围,不宜作泥炭基质的替代物。对黄瓜、番茄、狗牙根和凤仙花四种作物的育苗开展了三种堆肥替代泥炭的盆栽试验,结果表明药渣堆肥的替代比例为50%、75%和100%时基质的育苗效果显著好于泥炭,污泥堆肥的替代比例为50%时基质的效果好于泥炭,75%和100%替代与对照没有明显差异,但猪粪堆肥替代比例超过50%时,对黄瓜、番茄、凤仙花的育苗效果都远不如泥炭。从成本上,药渣堆肥、污泥堆肥和猪粪堆肥的价格只有泥炭的37%,31%,43%。因此,药渣堆肥和污泥堆肥部分或全部替代泥炭作育苗基质,在技术和经济上是可行的。
(3)以番茄青枯病为对象,开展了三种典型堆肥的生物防治研究,结果表明,添加药渣堆肥和污泥堆肥能够明显抑制番茄青枯病的发生,但污泥堆肥的抑制效果不及药渣堆肥,而猪粪堆肥对番茄青枯病几乎没有明显的抑制效果。当泥炭与药渣堆肥的混合比例为4：1时,抑病效果最好。同种堆肥不同添加比例的处理对番茄青枯病抑制效果无显著的差异。与对照相比,添加药渣堆肥、污泥堆肥和猪粪堆肥都提高了混合基质酶活性、微生物生物量C、微生物数量,添加堆肥使混合基质的理化性质发生了不同的变化。相关性分析表明,混合基质中微生物数量特别是放线菌和细菌的数量与番茄青枯病病情指数存在极显著的负相关关系,混合基质pH值、荧光素二乙酸酯水解活性与青枯病病情指数呈显著负相关,表明提高基质pH值、荧光素二乙酸酯水解活性及微生物数量,特别是放线菌及细菌的数量,能有效抑制番茄青枯病的发生。
(4)培养皿抑菌试验结果进一步表明,药渣堆肥和污泥堆肥及其浸提液对番茄青枯病原菌(P. solanacearum)的抑制作用强于猪粪堆肥及其浸提液,其原因与堆肥中的微生物存在直接关系。因此,从三种堆肥中开展了青枯病原菌(Psolanacearum)高效拮抗菌株的筛选,结果从药渣堆肥中筛选出5株对青枯病原菌有拮抗作用的微生物,从污泥堆肥中筛选出5株,从猪粪堆肥中筛选出2株。
盆栽试验和平板抑菌试验结果表明,药渣堆肥对番茄青枯病的抑制效果最好,污泥堆肥次之,猪粪堆肥不明显。其原因是：药渣和污泥堆肥的添加创造了不利于青枯病原菌存活的生态环境条件；药渣堆肥和污泥堆肥能提高混合基质的酶活性、微生物数量和青枯病原菌拮抗菌数量。从堆肥中筛选高效拮抗菌株为功能微生物菌剂的开发提供新途径。
With the accelerated process of urbanization and agricultural intensification, the disposal of organic solid waste such as rural and urban waste, sewage sludge, livestock waste and rural straw has become an increasingly serious problem, and composting is one of the most potential methods to solve this problem. However, because OSW (organic solid waste) are numerous in varieties, different composting products are significantly different from each other in physical, chemical and biological properties. Attention has been attached to the fertility of composting products as organic fertilizer, while little study has been carried out on their characteristics and other functions. This paper takes the typical pig manure, sewage sludge and herb residue compositing products as research objects, focusing on their application potential in substrate utilization and soil-borne bacterial disease controlling. The main results are shown as follows:
(1) Firstly, study on the composting process of typical organic waste (take pig manure compost as an example). The C/N ratio was respectively adjusted to25with sawdust, herb residue, mushroom residue or ricechaff and the moisture content was adjusted to65%. After49-day composting fermentation, the four treatments were mature, but different conditioners had obviously different effects on the composting process and the characteristics of composting products. In the composting process, the sawdust treatment warmed the quickest and the high temperature kept for the longest time; on the contrast, the high temperature maintains the shortest with the ricechaff treatment. The total contents of N, P2O5and K2O are above4.0%. Among the four treatments, the herb residue treatment was the highest, next came the mushroom residue and ricechaff treatment, and the sawdust treatment was the lowest. For nitrogenconservation and contents of N, P and K, herb residue was the best conditioner; for improve TK, ricechaff performed best. Due to different wastes have different properties, they fit different conditioners. We have studied the conditioners for sewage sludge and herb residue, finding that for each organic waste, when the original C/N ratio and moisture content of the compositing materials is respectively adjusted to25-30and60-65%, the composting process proceeds the fastest, which coincides with the reported appropriate C/N ratio and moisture content.
(2) In order to study the feasibility of substituting peat with three typical composts, the physical and chemical characteristics of these three substitutes were analyzed. The results showed that the herb residue compost (HSC) and sewage sludge compost (SMC) treatments were similar to peat, while pig manure compost (PMC) treatment was largely different from peat. The nutrient content, pH value and EC value of PMC treatment was all significantly higher than that of the peat, its cation exchange capacity was significantly lower than that of the peat, and its pH value, EC value, Cu and Zn contents exceeded the ideal range. Principal component analysis showed that different compost substrates showed differences in physical and chemical properties and the substrates formed by different alternative proportion of the same compost were similar. Three composts pot tests were carried out with cucumber, tomato, bermudagrass and impatiens. The results showed that the plant grew better with HSC when the substitution ratio was50%,75%and100%. And for SMC,50%of substitution ratio could promote the growth, while for PMC,50%of substitution ratio was worse than the peat. From cost accounting, the prices of HRC, SMC and PMC are respective37%,31%and43%of peat. Therefore, HRC and SMC part or all of the alternatives substituting peat for seedling substrate is technically and economically feasible.
(3) Treating tomato bacterial wilt as research object, biological control experiments were conducted on three typical composts. The results exhibited that HSC and SMC could effectively control tomato bacterial wilt, but SMC was inferior to HSC, and PMC had little effect. The effect was the best when the mixture proportion of peat and HSC was4:1. However, different ratio of the same compost showed no significant inhibitory effect on tomato bacterial wilt. Comparing with the controls, adding HRC, SMC or PMC could improve the enzyme activity, microbial biomass C and microbial quantity of the mixed substrates and change the physical and chemical properties of substrates. Correlation analysis displayed that tomato bacterial wilt disease index was highly negative correlated with the number of microorganisms (especially actinomycetes and bacteria), pH value and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity, suggesting that tomato bacterial wilt could be effectively inhibited by increasing the pH value, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity and number of microorganisms (especially the number of actinomycetes and bacteria) in the substrate.
(4) Culture plate antibacterial test further suggested that HRC and SMC and their extracts had stronger inhibitory effects on P. solanacearum than PMC extract and its extract, which was directly related with the microorganism in compost. Hence, we tried to screen out efficient antagonistic strains from the three composts, five from HRC, five from SMC, and two from PMC. From the pot experiments and culture plate antibacterial tests, HRC had the best inhibitory effect on tomato bacterial wilt, followed by SMC, PMC is the worst. The reasons were that the addition of HRC and SMC created disadvantaged ecological conditions for P. solanacearum; HRC and SMC could increase the enzyme activity, microorganism quantity and number of antagonistic strains. These findings indicated that efficient antagonistic strains chose from the compost provide new approach for the development of functional microbial agents.
引文
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