摘要
本文在总结热带坡残积土地区暴雨滑坡转化成泥石流的研究现状和进展的基础上，对云南东川市蒋家沟地区坡残积土的工程特性、暴雨条件下斜坡土体的破坏机理、暴雨滑坡转化成泥石流的形成机理和形成过程进行了较为系统的研究。
在室内对土样进行了颗粒分析、渗透、直接剪切、振动三轴等试验；通过直剪试验成果，分析了斜坡土体的抗剪强度指标在不同含水量情况下的变化规律。试验成果表明，不同颗粒级配的试样其抗剪强度指标随含水量的变化幅度不同，但总体上均呈现出下降趋。通过振动三轴试验分析了动强度随振动次数的变化规律、孔隙水压力在动荷作用下的发展规律、动弹模(动剪切模量)及阻尼在动荷作用下的变化规律，同时应用瞬态波动理论建立了饱和土体的动强度的计算模型和孔隙水压力发展的计算模型，并对建立的模型进行了定性的验证。
在总结前人工作的基础上，结合本次试验成果，分析了饱和土体的液化机理及其影响因素，主要讨论了土性条件(包括试样密度、颗粒特性、固结时间、超固结及其结构性)和初始有效固结压力的影响。
在野外调查的基础上，结合试验成果分析，初步得出自然斜坡破坏的模式，包括旋转型滑动、平移型滑动及土流等；并对暴雨滑坡转化成泥石流的影响因素和碎屑物质的运动距离作了定性分析；初步分析了滑坡转化成泥石流的流态化机理。
试验结果表明，土体力学性质在不排水剪切试验中应力应变关系达到峰值强度后基本为理想塑性。根据斜坡土体状态在临界状态线的相对位置将土体分为剪胀和剪缩两种类型，并对这两种土体在暴雨条件下的破坏机理和破坏过程进行了分析。蒋家沟地区坡残积土斜坡在暴雨条件下的破坏是由于降雨入渗导致土体发生剪缩破坏，破坏后土体的孔隙水压力升高形成超孔隙水压力、土体强度降低、破坏迅速扩展所致，因而大多数斜坡呈流滑型破坏并具有突然性破坏特点。土体的应力应变特性表明土体破坏不是静力液化机制所致。
In this thesis, a general review is given on rainfall-induced flow slides occurring in tropical areas. A systematic study is conducted on engineering behaviors of residual soil, failure mechanism of residual soil slope and mechanism of natural flow slides triggered by rainstorm in Jiang Jia drainage area.
To investigate engineering properties of disturbed soils, a series of tests, including grain-size analyses, permeability tests, direct shear tests and dynamic iriaxial lest is performed on specimens. The direct shear tests indicate that the strength of the soils is affected obviously by the quantity of the water in the specimens. The dynamic triaxial tests show that the strength reduces and the pore water pressure increase with the rising of vibration times. Based on the results of these tests, strength model and pore water pressure model have been advanced and validated. In addition, not only have the liquefaction mechanism of the soils been analysed, but also the influence of the factors on the extent of liquefaction of the saturated soils have been discussed.
The fieldworks and the test results show that there appears three failure models on the natural slope, that is, rotational slide, translational slide and earth flows.
Triaxal tests, including the isotropical consolidation drained and undrained compression and anistropically drained tests, are performed on loosely compacted specimens. The critical state line (CSL) is obtained in the e-lgp' plot based on the results of the above tests. The initial state of the consolidated specimens can be classified into dilative and contractive in the light of the soil state relative to the critical state line. The failure mechanisms of both dilative and contractive soils under the penetration of rainfall are analyzed. The soil is of perfect plastic behavior after peak strength in the stress-strain relationship in istropical consolidation undrained compression. The reason for the failure of loosely residual soil slopes triggered by rainfall is that the contractive failure caused by the penetration of rainfall, giving rise to a high excess pore pressure which reduces shear strength of the soil. The soil is prone to flow slide after failure under the action of gravity due to its high moistu
re content. The stress-strain behavior of the remolding sample indicated that the failure of residual soil slopes is not caused by static liquefaction.
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