国家商品粮种植田地规划设计管理
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摘要
为保障国家粮食安全,我国规划了具有粮食生产发展优势、能够稳定地提供较多的商品粮、在地区上连片分布的粮食主产区。国家商品粮的优质高产条件之一,是种粮田地气候条件优越、地面平整、土质良好。本文运用粮食种植技术和工程管理理论与系统分析方法,对国家商品粮种植田地改造规划设计管理问题进行了分析,提出了种粮田地改造规划设计管理理论和方法,并应用于河南省延津县东屯镇种粮田地改造规划和设计管理中去。
     ⒈依据对种粮田地系统分析,详细阐述了种粮田地的气候、土壤和地面条件,提出了13项评价指标,并确定了各项指标的组合权重;运用可拓学中的优度评价方法和物元模型建立了种粮田地适宜性选择模型,对满足粮食种植要求的田地进行等级排序,同时考虑田地的可改造性,以筛选出适宜粮食种植且可改造程度高的田地。
     ⒉依据对种粮田块平整活动分析和田面平整精度要求,提出了田块平整设计方案;对种粮田块平整工程的施工方法、土方量计算和施工机械选择进行分析,提出了田块平整的土方调配方案,根据运输问题的解决方法进行方案优化和计算,以此达到以最少的投入实现平田整地和保持地力的目的。
     ⒊依据对种粮田块土壤改良活动分析,提出了土壤改良设计指标,并采取相应的物理、化学和生物措施对影响作物生长发育的各种不利因素进行排除或防治;提出了针对土壤土层厚度、土壤质地、结构、酸碱性和有机质含量的改良方案,并运用整数规划中的0-1规划模型对土壤改良设计方案进行优化。
To ensure the national food security, the major grain production areas with grainproduction a dvantages, supplying commodity grain steadily and c ontiguousdistribution in regions are planning and constructed in our country. One of the highquality a nd yi eld c onditions of t he national c ommodity grain is the appropriateclimate c onditions, gr ound surface levelling and f avorable soil conditions. I n thispaper, the grain cultivation technology, engineering management theory and systemanalysis m ethod are ap plied, to analyse the cropland improvement planning anddesign management for the national commodity grain planting, of which the theoryand method are proposed, and used in the actual project of Dongtun Town, HenanProvince.
     ⒈Based on t he analysis of cropland system, the climate, s oil a nd gr oundconditions are expounded,13indexes are put forward, and the combined weights ofeach index are de termined; Then the c ropland suitability selection model isestablished using the excellent degree evaluation method and matter-element model inextenics, and the fields which meet the requirements of food planting are ranked, toselect the fields which are suitable for grain planting and with high improvementdegree, considering the possibility of land improvement.
     ⒉On the basis of analyzing the field levelling activities and the surface levelingaccuracy requirement, the field leveling design proposals are put forward, and theearthwork allocation of field leveling is designed after the analysis of the constructionmethod, quantities calculation and construction machinery selection for field levelingengineering, t hen the scheme opt imization and calculation are pro cessed by thetransportation problem solution, in order to realize the purpose of field leveling andfertility maintaining with minimal input.
     ⒊On the basis of analyzing the cropland soil improvement activities, the designindexes of soil improvement are proposed, then the corresponding physical, chemical,and biological measures are taken to eliminate or prevent all kinds of adverse factorsaffecting crop growth and development, the improvement schemes about soil layer,soil te xture, soil structure, a cid a nd a lkaline a nd or ganic matter c ontent are putforward, a nd the design schemes of soil improvement is opt imized using the0-1integer programming model.
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