摘要
信息隐藏作为信息安全中的一项重要技术，近年来已引起国内外学术界、业界和政府相关部门的广泛重视。数字隐写与隐写分析技术是信息隐藏中的两个重要分支。所谓数字隐写，是指以多媒体作品（如图像、音视频以及文本等）为掩蔽载体，把敏感或隐私数据通过指定算法嵌入到载体中，以不引起人类感知注意的方式通过公开信道（如互联网、公用电话网等）进行传输的过程。而隐写分析，则是与数字隐写相对抗的一种技术，其目的是通过对可疑的多媒体作品进行统计分析和检测，揭示其中秘密信息的存在。数字隐写与隐写分析技术两者之间相辅相成，相互促进。
本学位论文研究的内容是以压缩音频为载体的数字隐写与隐写分析技术。在对目前本研究方向的主要理论问题和具体技术问题研究的基础上，围绕如何在保证隐写操作与编码标准兼容性的条件下，提高嵌入速率、不可感知性及不可检测性，提出了多种有效的压缩域音频数字隐写算法；围绕两种特定的压缩域隐写工具，提出了若干隐写分析算法；最后对论文工作作了总结，并提出了进一步研究的方向。
本学位论文的研究工作，主要包括三个方面。
1、压缩域音频数字隐写及隐写分析综述。对国内外该方向的主要研究进展进行了总结和归纳，给出了压缩域音频数字隐写的基本思路，剖析了目前典型压缩域隐写及隐写分析方法的基本思路、原理以及特点。
2、压缩域音频数字隐写算法研究。通过挖掘编码器和编码数据的冗余，提出了两大类压缩域音频数字隐写算法：
在分析主要模块编码参数的基础上，提出了三种压缩域音频数字隐写算法。第一种方法在秘密信息比特与时频转换模块中的窗口类型之间建立了映射关系，通过调整窗口切换机制，实现了秘密信息的嵌入；第二种方法借助了量化编码模块中循环的结束条件，成功地解决了MP3Stego隐写算法的缺陷，而且在保证嵌入速率的同时，算法的不可感知性和不可检测性得到了提高；第三种方法则是挖掘了编码器在选择哈夫曼码表时的灵活性，在秘密信息比特与哈夫曼码表索引之间建立了对应关系，实现了有效隐写。
除了编码模块的参数之外，还利用编码数据本身实现了两种压缩域音频大容量数字隐写算法。第一种方法利用了人耳心理声学模型中的掩蔽效应，通过调整量化后MDCT系数的幅值，使得由编码器自身量化引入的失真与由隐写操作引入的失真之和始终保持在人耳听觉掩蔽阈值以下。仿真实验表明，该方法在保持不可感知性的同时，可获得很高的嵌入速率；第二种方法通过对哈夫曼码字空间进行配对扩展，结合混合进制系统，实现了大容量秘密信息的隐写。
3、特定压缩域音频隐写算法的隐写分析研究。针对压缩域音频隐写领域中最典型的两种隐写工具，展开了被动和主动隐写分析算法的研究。
首先，针对MP3Stego隐写方法，在隐写行为发生的编码环节提取量化步长和比特池长度的相关统计量，作为检测特征，实现了对MP3Stego的隐写分析。实验结果表明，相邻颗粒的编码参数进行差分操作可从一定程度上提高检测准确率。在此基础上，进一步研究了MP3Stego嵌入比例的估计问题，提出了基于重压缩的原始载体估计方法，结合三种典型的突变点检测技术，实现了对MP3Stego嵌入比例的准确估计。
其次，针对UnderMP3Cover隐写方法，利用RS检测方法实现了对其进行了隐写分析的研究，并给出了具体的嵌入比例估计算法。实验结果表明，该算法能够较为准确地估计UnderMP3Cover隐写的嵌入比例，同时验证了相关参数与检测算法性能之间的相互关系。
As an important technology of information security, data hiding has attracted greatinterests and more attention. Steganography and steganalysis are two branches of data hiding.Steganography refers to the problem of sending messages hidden in “innocent looking”communication over a public channel so that an adversary eavesdropper cannot even detectthe presence of the hidden message. The countermeasure to steganography is steganalysis,and its aim is to reveal the hidden message by statistical analysis.
This dissertation mainly focuses on the steganography and steganalysis of compresseddomain audio. First, to improve the performance of the stegographic algorithm in compresseddomain audio, some novel algorithms have been proposed. Then, to attack two specificcompressed domain steganographic tools, a number of steganalytic algorithms have beenproposed. Finally, a conclusuion with a discussion of the direction for future research is given.The dissertation includes three main parts:
In the first part, review for steganography and steganalysis of compressed domain audiois given. With respect to the application background, the practical and theoretical values ofthe dissertation are described. The basic concepts, models of steganography and steganalysisare introduced briefly. The research progress of these two fields is surveyed in detail.
In the second part, novel steganographic algorithms for compressed domain audio areproposed. Based on the parameters of the encoder, three compressed domainaudio steganographic algorithms are proposed. In the first algorithm, the window type ismapped with the parity of the secret bit. The secret message is embedded by adjustingthe window switching mechanism. The second algorithm successfully solves the defect of theMP3Stego algorithm. The flexibility of the choice of Huffman table is exploited in the thirdmethod. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms are good atimperceptibility and undetectability. In addition to the encoder parameters, the audio data isused to achieve high capacity steganography. Through modifying the QMDCT coefficients,the secret message is embedded. The distortion of the stegnography can be always maintainedbelow the masking threshold with the psychoacoustic model of the encoder. The finalalgorithm expands the space of the Huffman codeword. Combined with the multibasesystem, a high capacity steganography is proposed.
In the third part, specific steganalysis of compressed domain audio is studied. For twotypical compressed domain steganographic tools, passive and active steganalysis are carriedout. First, as for MP3Stego which is a typical MP3stego tool, the statsistics of quantizationstep and bit reservoir is extracted as the steganlytic features. The experimental results showthat the differential operation can improve the detection accuracy. Finally, the estimation ofembedding ratio of MP3Stego is studied. Recompression calibration is used to estimate thecover audio and change point detection methods are applied to locate the embedding position.For UnderMP3Cover, RS detection method is applied to estimate the embedding ratio.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively attack theUnderMP3Cover. Meanwhile, the relationship between the parameters of RS method and theperformance of the proposed algorithm is verified.
引文
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