摘要
火灾安全的根本出发点就是尽量减少火灾中所造成的人员伤亡和财产损失。当一幢建筑发生火灾时,火灾产生的热烟气和热量便会在整个建筑物内迅速扩散,严重危及室内人员生命和财产的安全。因此,如何及时控制火灾,使人员能安全疏散,避免或减少建筑物内的生命和财产损失,便成为建筑物火灾安全研究的一个重要内容。
而基于烟流理论的建筑火灾安全疏散动态模拟研究正是评价建筑物安全性能的一种方法,目的是判断火灾时室内人员是否能够安全疏散,如不满足,则应对建筑设计及其防火设计加以修改,从而达到对建筑物安全疏散的性能化设计。
场模拟、区域模拟和网络模拟是建筑火灾烟流特性预测常用的模拟方法。对于需要了解整个燃烧细节及宏观过程的建筑火灾尤其是高层建筑火灾中的烟气运动,显然只利用上述三种模型的任何一种模型都无法完成,而必须构建复合模型。本文所提出的场-网复合模拟的思想是:先对整栋建筑进行网络模拟,求得各个开口的参数状态和流量作为对特定房间进行场模拟的边界条件,然后以场模拟所提供参数作为边界条件,对其它房间再进行网络模拟。由于场-网复合模拟是在网络模拟假设的前提下进行,因而其理论可行性尚需要进一步的分析论证。
人员疏散模型的研究建立在人员正常情况和紧急情况下运动的量化研究的基础上,其理论模型包括三部分,即火灾探测系统的报警时间模型、人员疏散的预动作时间模型和人员疏散行动时间模型。
借助基于场-网复合模型的多功能高层建筑火灾烟流运动特性预测软件,模拟出火灾烟流运动特性,在确定危险状态的标准后,既可据此计算得出可用安全疏散时间ASET,同时根据疏散模型运用软件计算得到所需安全疏散时间(Required Safety Egress Time,RSET),对比这两个时间便可评价人员是否安全疏散。通过将多功能高层建筑火灾烟流运动特性预测软件与人员疏散行动时间预测软件的结合,在解决好两种软件的接口技术后,即可完成多功能高层建筑火灾安全性能评价系统。
The roof of the fire security is to reduce the property loss and to save life. When a building suffers fire, the hot smoke and heat would diffuse to the whole building, which will take much dangerous for the life and property. So, how to control the building fire on time and reduce the loss of life and property is a much important content of the building fire security research.
A common method for appraising the building safety is the dynamic simulation research on the building fire security evacuation which based on the smoke theoretical. Its aim is to estimate the occupants whether can be safety evacuation when suffering building fire. If not be safe, the building design and the fire protection design should be modified.
The general simulation methods on building fire smoke property prediction are the field model, zone model and network model. But as to know the entire burning detail and the macroscopic procedural of building fire smoke movement, the three models are not suitable. So, it is necessary to develop hybrid model. This paper establishes a hybrid field-network model which based on a connecting platform between the field model and network model, with the field model and network model results as the interface boundary condition for each other. For the hybrid field-network model is under the hypothetical of the network simulation, thus the theory feasibility needs further demonstration.
The research on evacuation prediction model is based on the quantify investigation of the occupants movement in normal and emergency condition. The theoretical model consists of three parts, the simulation of fire detection and alarm time, the simulation of the response time and the travel time.
By using the high-rise building fire smoke prediction software which is based on the hybrid field-network model, we can simulate the fire smoke property. When confirming the quicksand standard of fire emergency, the available safe egress time can be calculated. What’s more, the required safe egress time can be calculated by the evacuation simulate software. Comparing the RSET with the ASET, an evaluation can be taken out for the occupant safety evacuation in building fire. By combining the Fire smoke flow software with the evacuation software, the Safety Performance Evaluation system is established.
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