摘要
自1945年世界上第一台电子计算机诞生以来,计算机凭借其独有的高速存储、管理、处理数据的优势,对其它学科领域(地理学、经济学等)产生了重大影响。1950年代,在计算机科学技术的推动下,地理学家首次将计算机科学、数学模型和统计学应用到地理学研究课题中,产生了地理学领域的第一次“计量革命”。之后,随着计算机科学技术、数据库技术和网络技术的迅速发展,促成了早期桌面版地理信息系统(Geographical Information System, GIS)出现和随后网络地理信息系统的流行和广泛应用。曾经,经济学能否像化学、生物学和自然科学那样,采用实验的方法进行研究,一直被经济研究学术界争论不休。然而,经济学家Chambelin1948年在哈佛大学进行了一场用于验证不完整性的课堂实验,开启了经济学实验研究的先河。之后,经济学实验在常规的经济学研究领域(市场理论、个人选择理论和博弈论等其他方面研究)大放异彩。早期的经济学实验都是在教室里,采用纸、笔、黑板、时钟等设备来进行的。随着计算技术和网络技术日新月异的发展,1980年以后,越来越多的经济学实验借助于计算机来进行数据的收集、交流和存储,不仅提高了经济学实验的效率,同时也促进了实验经济学的极大发展,从而进入了计算机实验经济学的时代。人文地理学的研究核心是人地关系,那么在实验经济学研究的启发下,我们能否也像经济学一样,设计实验方案,通过让真实的行为人参与计算机人文地理学网络实验,来研究人与地之间的关系呢?
因此,本文以计算机技术、计算机网络技术、数据库技术和地理信息系统技术为依托,在实验经济学研究思路的启发下,提出了实验人文地理学的概念,并选择了人文地理学的两个典型研究问题(城市居民居住区位选择问题和旅游目的地选择问题),通过计算机网络实验的方法展开深入研究。在两个研究案例的基础上,总结归纳出实验人文地理学的基本理论、实验框架设计和实验平台开发的关键技术。论文撰写遵循引论—文献回顾—案例研究—实验人文地理学基本理论归纳总结—平台实现技术—总结讨论的研究思路,将全文分为六章。
第一章,从计算机实验科学的研究进展出发,讨论了计算机技术在地理学和经济学领域的发展和应用。进而,阐述了地理信息科学在人文地理学中的应用和实验经济学的兴起与发展。最终,在地理信息科学技术和计算机技术的支撑下,在实验经济学研究思想的启发下,本章提出了实验人文地理学的概念和研究范畴,并选择人文地理学领域的两个典型研究问题—城市居民居住区位选择和旅游目的地选择问题,展开实例研究。
第二章,基于实验人文地理学的思想,本章以城市居民居住区位选择为例,对居民的居住区位选择的空间行为决策进行研究。首先阐述了居住区位选择问题所涉及的基本概念,包含城市居住区位、城市居住空间和城市居住空间分异。然后对居住区位选择的理论基础和研究进展进行了相关的文献回顾,并总结了影响居住区位选择的影响因素。在对居住区位选择问题文献回顾的基础上,本章提出了基于实验人文地理学思想的居住区位选择问题的实验设计方案和实施步骤,具体包括实验问题的描述、实验的目的、实验的前提假设、实验的具体思路以及分情景实验的具体步骤。该实验过程总共涉及4个情景实验,分层递进的考察不同因素对居民居住地选择行为的影响以及城市空间结构中设施布局改变对居民居住地选择行为的影响。最后,同心圆城市空间结构和扇形城市空间结构情形下四个情景实验系统的结果表明：(1)在两种典型的城市空间结构情形下,被试者均表现出对居住区位周边的交通因素和学校因素最为关注。(2)绝大多数的被试者偏向于选择在交通方便,基础设施配备齐全的近郊地区居住,而对传统居住地选择理论中传统距市中心上班的交通距离因素关注较少。(3)结论1和2说明,城市规划者和政策制定者,可以通过控制基础设施的有效布局来影响和引导人类的居住空间选择,进而,研究和控制城市的居住空间分异现象产生。
第三章,同样基于实验人文地理学的思想,本章选取旅游目的地选择作为研究案例,对被试者在一定可支配旅游时间和资金的约束下的旅游目的地决策行为进行研究。首先阐述了旅游目的地选择问题所涉及的基本概念,包含旅游者、旅游目的地和旅游者空间行为。然后梳理和回顾了旅游目的地选择的理论基础和研究进展,总结了影响旅游目的地选择的影响因素。在对旅游目的地选择问题回顾总结的基础上,本章提出了基于实验人文地理学思想的旅游目的地选择研究的实验设计方案和实施步骤,具体包括实验问题的描述、实验前提假设、实验的具体思路以及实验的具体步骤。最后实验结果表明,在有效的奖惩机制的激励下,被试者通过实验过程中不断的学习、总结经验,表现出试图通过选择更多的旅游目的地来追寻获得更大旅游效用的行为规律。
第四章,在上述第二、三章分别对城市居民居住区位选择和旅游目的地选择问题实验案例研究的基础上,本章归纳总结出了实验人文地理学的研究方法和实验原则。实验原则总共包含6项：价值诱导原则,响应博弈原则,实验可控原则,结论统计原则,地理逼近原则和实验封装原则。进而提出了基于GIS技术、Web服务技术和面向对象思想的实验人文地理学实验平台开发的研究框架。
第五章,主要阐述了基于实验人文地理学的系统开发的关键技术和第二、三章居住区位选择实验、旅游目的地选择实验研究的具体系统实现。实验人文地理学的系统开发的关键技术主要涉及地理信息服务技术和面向对象的数据操作技术(类思想、LINQ to SQL技术)。居住区位选择实验系统和旅游目的地选择实验系统的主要功能包含：用户注册登录、地理信息浏览查询、居住区位信息或者旅游目的地信息查询、实验环境数据更新和实验结果查询。
第六章,进行了总结和讨论,并展望下一步实验系统的可完善和改进之处。
Since1945, the world's first electronic computer was birth. It has the advantage of its unique high-speed storage, management, processing data. So, it had a significant impact other disciplines (geography, economics, etc.). In1950s, under the computer science and technology driving, geographer computer sciences firstly apply computer technology, mathematical and statistical models to geography research, which made the first measurement revolution coming. After that, with the rapid development of computer science and technology, database technology and network technology, they contributed to the early desktop geographic information system (Geographical Information System, GIS) and the subsequent Web GIS popular. Whether the economics can have the experimental mean, such as chemistry, biology and natural sciences, it has been debated by the Economic Research academia.
However, economists Chambelin firstly used the classroom experiment to verify the integrity in1948, at Harvard University, which open experimental study of economics. After that, economics experiment is used in conventional economics research areas (market theory, personal choice theory, and game theory and other aspects of research) and was shining. The early economics experiments are in the classroom, using paper, pens, blackboard, clock and other equipment to carry. With the rapid development of computing technology and network technology, after1980, a growing number of economics experiments through the use of computers for the collection, exchange and storage of data, not only improve the efficiency of economics experiments, while also promoting the great development of economics. Human Geography Research core is the relationship between people and land. Under the experimental economics research inspiration, we think about that can we study the Anthropogeography problem by the use of computer network experiment, like economics.
Therefore, relying on computer technology, computer network technology, database technology and geographic information system technology, under the inspiration of experimental economics research, this paper put forward the experimental Anthropogeography concept, and selected two typical Anthropogeography problem(city residents living location choice and destination choice) to study by the use of the experimental methods. On the basis of two case studies, this paper summarized out the experimental Anthropogeography basic theory, experimental framework design and experimental platform developed key technologies. This thesis consists of six chapters, such as the introduction-Literature Review-Case Studies-the conclusion of the experimental Anthropogeography basic theory-platform technology-summarize and discussion.
The chapter1st discusses the development and application of computer technology in the fields of geography and economics. And then we discuss the rise of experimental economics and the development of geographic information science in Anthropogeography. Finally, in support of geographic information science and technology and computer technology, this chapter presents the experimental Anthropogeography the concept and scope of the study. Further, we make the research on the two typical problems-city residents living location choice and destination choice in Anthropogeography field.
Chapter2nd studies the spatial behavior of the urban residential location choice. First, we expound the basic concepts involved in the choice of residential location contains the location of urban living, urban living space and urban living space differentiation. Then we make the theoretical basis and research progress on residential location, and summarize the influencing factors that affect the choice of residential location. Following, we make the experimental design scheme and implementation steps, including experimental problems description, experiment's purpose, and the experiment's premise assumptions as well as sub-scenario experiment specific steps. The experiment involves a total of four scenarios experiments tiered progressive effects of different factors on the selection behavior of residents location facilities as well as the structure of urban space layout changes affect the residents location choice behavior. Finally, the results show that,(1) under the two typical cases of urban spatial structure, the subjects give more concentration on the traffic factors surrounding the residential location.(2) The majority of subjects are tend to choose convenient infrastructure fully equipped suburban areas to live on, pay less attention to the commuting distance factor from the city center, which is important factor in the traditional residential location choice theory.
Chapter3rd selects tourist destinations choosing as a case study, which aims to study the tourist destination decision-making behavior of subjects in disposable travel time and money constraints. First the chapter expounds the basic concepts involved in the tourist destination choice, including tourists, tourist destination and tourist's spatial behavior. Then it reviews the theoretical basis and research progress of destination choice, sums up the impact of factors affecting destination choice. Following, it elaborates the experimental design and implementation steps, which including the experimental problems specific experimental hypothesis, experiment specific ideas and experiments of concrete steps. Finally, experimental results show that effective incentive mechanism of excitation subjects to pursue law behavior for greater travel utility by selecting a travel destination through continuous learning, summing up experience during the experimental process.
Chapter4summarizes the experimental Anthropogeography research methods and experimental principles on the basis of the second and third chapter's contents respectively residential location choice for urban residents and tourist destination choice experiment case study. The experimental principle totally contains six: the value of the induction principle, in response to game, the principles of experimental controllability, conclusions of statistical principles geographic approximation principles and experimental principle of encapsulation. And then, this chapter puts forward the experimental Anthropogeography experimental platform development framework based on GIS technology, Web services technology and object-oriented thinking.
Chapter5th mainly discusses the development key technologies in the experimental Anthropogeography system and the specific system contents with respect to the residence location choice experiments and destination choice experiment study. Experimental Anthropogeography key technology of system development is mainly related to geographic information services, technology and object-oriented data manipulation techniques (class thinking, LINQ to SQL technology). Residential location choice experiment system and destination choice experimental system features both include the following contents:user registration login, geographic information browsing queries, residential location or destination information queries, and experimental environmental data updates and the experimental results of the query. Chapter6th is the conclusion and discussion of the dissertation.
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