摘要
净水厂生产废水的直接排放不仅会造成受纳水体的严重污染，而且还会浪费大量水资源，如何高效处理并回用净水厂产生的生产废水已受到人们的广泛关注。由于生产废水中含有大量来自原水的污染物以及净水过程中投加的化学药剂，部分水质指标的数值是原水的几十倍甚至上百倍，生产废水处理后回用可能存在一定的风险。因此，对净水厂生产废水回用的安全性进行分析、评价与控制具有深远的意义。
本文以西北某市的A水厂和B水厂为研究对象，对生产废水经处理回用后出厂水中的浊度、氨氮、高锰酸钾指数、铝、丙烯酰胺和细菌总数等水质指标进行检测，并在此基础上，对出厂水水质的安全保障率和健康风险值进行分析和评价，针对健康风险值较高的指标，进一步采用实验模拟的形式进行优化控制，以期为实际生产提供技术依据。主要研究成果和结论如下：
（1）以A水厂和B水厂为研究对象，对生产废水回用后出厂水中各相关水质指标进行了长期检测。结果表明，两水厂出厂水中的浊度、氨氮、高锰酸钾指数和铝含量均能满足水质标准的要求，但出厂水中的丙烯酰胺偶尔会有超标现象。A水厂2010年8月和10月出厂水的丙烯酰胺超标幅度分别为3.85%和12%；B水厂于2010年10月超标14%。
（2）在长期出厂水水质检测的基础上，采用Q-Q图和非参数K-S检验方法，确定了出厂水中各指标的分布函数，并依据此分布函数对各指标的安全保障率进行了分析。结果表明，A水厂和B水厂出厂水中的浊度、高锰酸钾指数、铝和丙烯酰胺经检验均服从对数正态分布。A水厂出厂水中的浊度、高锰酸钾指数和铝的安全保障率都为100%，而出厂水中的丙烯酰胺的安全保障率只有94.44%；B水厂出厂水中的浊度安全保障率为100%，而高锰酸钾指数、铝和丙烯酰胺的安全保障率分别只有99.33%、93.50%和96.36%。
（3）采用美国科学院（NAS）公布的健康风险评价四步法，对A水厂和B水厂出厂水中安全保障率较低的铝和丙烯酰胺进行了健康风险评价。结果表明，A水厂和B水厂铝的个人健康终生风险最大值分别为6.69×10~(-6)和2.90×10~(-5)，都低于最大可接受终生风险值7.0×10~(-5)，但B水厂有11.05%的风险值和最大可接受终生风险在同一个数量级。目前，两水厂出厂水中的铝含量对人体的健康尚无影响，但B水厂已到了引起重视的地步。A水厂和B水厂出厂水丙烯酰胺的个人健康终生风险最大值分别为1.84×10~(-4)和1.32×10~(-4)，分别有4.48%和2.29%的风险值超过最大可接受终生风险7.0×10~(-5)，都存在一定的健康风险，必须立即采取控制措施加以遏制。
（4）针对两水厂出厂水中丙烯酰胺超标及存在的健康风险问题，通过污泥脱水性能模拟实验，进行了PAM相关的优化控制研究，使其在满足污泥脱水效果的同时，使回用风险降到最低。结果表明，对不同浓度的浓缩污泥，投加阴离子型和阳离子型PAM均能有效降低污泥比阻值，改善污泥的脱水性能，但使用阴离子型PAM，污泥脱水分离液中的丙烯酰胺残留量更低。在满足脱水效果的同时，并综合考虑脱水分离液中丙烯酰胺残留量和浊度，建议采用阴离子型PAM，A水厂和B水厂的PAM最佳投加量范围分别为0.16g/L-0.25g/L和0.09g/L-0.16g/L。在此条件下，两水厂出厂水中的丙烯酰胺残留量全年都在0.125μg/L以下，有效降低了出厂水中丙烯酰胺含量超标的风险。
The wastewater that the water treatment plants drain off directly not onlyseriously pollute the water environment, but also waste a great deal of water. Therefore,it has aroused wide public concern how to treat the wastewater discharged out of thewater treatment plants effectively and reuse it. Because the wastewater includes plentyof pollutants coming from the raw water and chemical agents added into the watertreatment process, part of water quality indexes’ values are scores or hundreds of timeshigh than those of the raw water and there maybe exist some risk in the reuse ofwastewater after treatment. As a result, it has profound significance to analyze andevaluate the safety of the reusing wastewater in the water treatment plants and thencontrol the pollutants.
In the paper, the relative water quality indexes of turbidity, ammonia nitrogen,permanganate index, aluminium and acrylamide in the produced water were testedafter the reuse of the treated wastewater in two surface water treatment plants of acertain city in northwest China. Based on it, the security probability and health riskvalue of the produced water quality were analyzed and evaluated. What’s more, inview of the water quality indexes which had high security probability values, they wereoptimized and controlled using model experiments, in order to provide the technicalbases for practical production. The main research results and conclusions are asfollows:
(1) In both water treatment plant A and B, the relative water quality indexes in theproduced water after the reuse of the treated wastewater were under long-term test. Theresults showed that the contents of turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, permanganate indexand aluminium in the produced water of the two water treatment plants could meet theStandards for Drinking Water Quality. However, acrylamide in the produced wateroccasionally exceeded the Standards for Drinking Water Quality. In August and October,2010, acrylamide in the produced water of water treatment plant A exceededthe Standards for Drinking Water Quality by3.85%and12%, repectively, which ofwater treatment plant B was beyond the Standards for Drinking Water Quality by14%.
(2) On the basis of long-term test on the produced water quality, using Q-Qfigures and K-S non-reference test method, the distribution functions of each producedwater quality were determined. According to the distribution functions, the securityprobabilities of each produced water quality were analyzed. The results showed thatthe turbidity, permanganate index, aluminium and acrylamide of the produced water inboth water treatment plant A and B obeyed logarithmic normal distribution after test. Inwater treatment plant A, the security probabilities of turbidity, permanganate index andaluminium in the produced water were all100%, while the security probabilityacrylamide was only94.44%. In water treatment plant B, the security probability ofturbidity in the produced water was100%, while permanganate index, aluminium andacrylamide were99.33%,93.50%and96.36%, repectively.
(3) Using the Health Risk Assessment Four-step Method promulgated by NationalAcademy of Sciences, the low security probabilities of aluminium and acrylamide inthe produced water of both water treatment plant A and B were under health riskassessment. The results showed that the maximum personal lifetime health and safetyrisk values of aluminium in both water treatment plant A and B were6.69×10~(-6)and2.90×10~(-5), repectively, which were all under the maximum lifetime acceptable riskvalue of7.0×10~(-5). However, there were11.05%of risk value and the maximumlifetime acceptable risk value at the same order of magnitude in water treatment plantB. At present, the content of aluminium in the produced water of both water treatmentplant A and B had no effect on public health, but it had been paid enough attention inwater treatment plant B. The maximum personal lifetime health and safety risk valuesof acrylamide in both water treatment plant A and B were1.84×10~(-4)and1.32×10~(-4),repectively,4.48%and2.29%of risk value were beyond the maximum lifetimeacceptable risk value of7.0×10~(-5), respectively. Therefore, acrylamide had higher riskand control measures must be adopted immediately to prevent the risk.
(4) On the overstandard of acrylamide in the reused wastewater and its existinghealth risk problem, a series of relative studies on the optimization and control of PAMwere carried out, using sludge dewatering performance Simulation Experiment, tomake the sludge dewater effectively and minimize the reuse risk. The results showedthat to different concentrations of concentrated sludge, PAM added of both anion andcation could reduce sludge specific resistance and improve the sludge dewatering performance. However, the residual acrylamide in the sludge dewatering separatedwater was lower when anion PAM was used. To meet the purposes of sludgedewatering performance, and make low turbidity and residual acrylamide in the sludgedewatering separated water, anion PAM is a better choice. The optimum PAM dosageswere0.16g/L~0.25g/L for water plant A and0.09g/L~0.16g/L for water plant B, underwhich the residual acrylamide concentration in the produced water of two watertreatment plants was under0.125μg/L throughout the year and the overstandard risk ofacrylamide concentration in the produced water was decreased effectively.
引文
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