摘要
为了了解气液界面传质过程特性、探讨传质理论,以便更好指导工业生产,本文通过实验研究了气液两相在流动条件下跨界面传质过程中液相近界面的浓度分布、流体流动现象,以及两者对界面传质的影响规律。
本文首先采用实时激光全息干涉系统对气液并流条件下,传质过程中液相内传质现象和规律进行了定性观测,并对传质达到稳态时的近界面浓度场进行了定量测量。实验发现,气液传质过程中广泛存在着界面湍动和周期性脉冲爆发两种不稳定性现象。文中对每种扰动现象的成因进行了分析,并研究了脉冲爆发现象的规律性、主要控制因素及其对气液传质的贡献。稳态时的定量测量结果给出了不同条件下近界面的浓度分布,得到了在传质方向上浓度分布呈指数下降规律。并测定了浓度边界层厚度、膜厚度随气、液雷诺数的变化情况。添补了两相流动传质体系中近界面浓度场信息方面的欠缺。文中还进一步根据定量实验数据,由双膜理论分析,建立了一个预测不同气、液雷诺数下传质系数的简捷方法,并利用其他物系的实验结果及前人的数据对提出的方法进行了验证,其结果与相似流动条件下的实验数据吻合较好,证实了这一半经验关联式的可靠性。
其次,为研究传质过程中流体力学因素的影响,文中采用了激光多普勒测速系统对液相流场的瞬时动力学特征进行了测量。实验结果表明,气液界面上脉动速度并非是各向同性的。实验模拟装置内的时均速度可分成为层流底层、湍动主体和气液近界面三个区域,近界面区出现了最大时均速度现象。实验分别得到了每个区域内无因次速度的回归函数。文中进一步研究了流场速度的自相关函数、谱函数、特征尺度等统计性质,分别获得了存在和不存在脉冲爆发时的流场结构特性,并由漩涡池模型得到了两种情况下流场所产生的局部传质系数。结果表明脉冲爆发区域到达界面时的传质系数要明显增高,应给予充分考虑。
最后,将上述实验得到的近界面浓度分布和速度分布加以耦合,对气液两相流动吸收过程中的液相传质系数进行了研究。建立了基于微元衡算获得液相传质系数的基本实验方法,并按照此方法求得了不同操作条件下较为准确的传质系数。然后,充分考虑流动传质过程中的脉冲爆发现象,从单涡传质模型入手建立了由流体力学特性求算液相传质系数的理论模型,并通过实验验证和与已有经典传质理论的计算结果进行比较的方法,印证了模型的良好可用性。
Better understanding of the interfacial mass transfer behaviors under following condition of gas-liquid systems, and further developing the corresponding mass transfer theory are of great importance for real production practice in chemical industry. In this thesis, experiments were conducted to investigate the concentration distribution and hydrodynamics character in the vicinity of the interface, and corresponding mechanism of their influences on the interfacial mass transfer.
Firstly,the real-time laser holographic interferometry was applied to observe qualitatively the evolutions of concentrations distributions and to messure quantitively the liquid phase concentrations distribution in the vicinity of the interface during the mass transfer process under the conditions of cocurrent gas-liquid flow. A series of optical qualitative experiments showed the existence of phenomena of near-interface turbulence and periodic burst. The formation mechanisms of these two instable phenomena were analyzed, and the dynamic behavior, controlling factors and the influence of the burst on mass transfer were also studied. In a steady-state for the mass transfer process, with the optical measurement, the two dimensional concentration distributions inside the liquid phase and in the vicinity of the free interface were obtained via the interpretation of interference fringes. The steady-state results gained under different conditions demonstrated a sharp exponent increase in concentration with approaching to the interface. The influence of the Reynolds numbers of both gas and liquid phases on the concentration boundary layer thickness and fathomable near-surface concentration were also observed. This quantitative research padded the information shotages about concentration field near a moving interface during mass transfer. In addition, according to above experimental data and film theory, a shortcut method was proposed to estimate the interfacial mass transfer rate, in which Sherwood number representing the mass transfer coefficient was correlated as a function of the Reynolds numbersn of both phases. This method was also verified with experimental data found in the literature and conducted for other system.
Secondly, experiments were conducted using Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) to investigate instantaneous hydrodynamic behaviors of the channel flow in the experiments. Instantaneous velocity measurements indicated that the fluctuation velocity near the interface is not isotropy as usually expected. The time averaging velocity distribution can be divided into three regions: laminar sub-layer, turbulent bulk flow and as well as the interfacial vicinity. In the interfacial vicinity, a dip phenomenon, which means that the position with the maximal velocity is lower than the interface, was found. Then, the statistical characters, such as correlation function, spectrum function and character scales, which define the flowing structure were obtained. Consequently, the mass transfer coefficients contributed by the flowing structure were calculated from the eddy pool model. The results showed that the mass transfer rate would be very much enhanced by the burst arriving up to the interface. Therefore the burst phenomena should be considered seriously as an influencial factor for mass transfer.
Finally, the above data of concentration and velocity fields near the free interface of the same operating condition are coupled to study mass transfer in a gas-liquid flowing system. A mass balance based approach was used for estimating liquid mass transfer coefficients, and average mass transfer coefficients in the liquid phase were obtained for different flowing conditions. The results were compared to those calculated with other models. Then, considering the burst effect, which enhances significantly the mass transfer, a correction was made on a single eddy model and the new model was proposed to predict effectively the interfacial mass transfer rate. The proposed model was verified with our LDA experimental results, at the same time was compared with balance model and film model. The results demonstrated that the proposed model can give good prediction of mass transfer with periodical burst.
引文
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