摘要
试验于2008-2009年在扬州大学农学院试验田和网室进行,以南粳44为材料进行水稻抛秧立苗试验,对抛秧机理及其调控进行了研究。主要结果如下：
1.水稻抛秧直立苗在抛后活棵快,各生育阶段干物重、N素吸收、光合势、净同化率、抗倒性、产量上都高于倾斜苗,并显著高于平躺苗；在土壤呈5-6 cm烂糊状,抛高为3 m时,直立苗率最高,达81%；随着抛栽时水层深度的增加,直立苗比例逐渐减少；对苗高而言,宜控制在10-16 cm,适当选择孔大的塑盘,抛后的直立苗比例超过70%。直立秧苗各阶段生育状况好于倾斜苗和平躺苗,显著好于平躺苗。提高直立苗比例,可有效促进抛秧高产的形成。土壤在5-6 cm烂糊,采用矮壮苗,适当提高球土比例,抛高3-4 m条件下,立苗效果好。
2.水稻抛栽各苗姿秧苗生理立苗过程中的形态与生理特征：(1)非直立苗起立期间分蘖节弯曲,秧苗基部下侧具有伸长功能的细胞生长快于上侧细胞,分蘖节下部发生大量新根，扎入土中,成为秧苗直立的支点。(2)带土倾斜苗、带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗的立苗时间分别是4d、8d、12d。(3)立苗过程中,带土直立苗和带土倾斜苗的发根优势明显、根系活力强,至第4d根量显著大于带土平躺苗、无土平躺苗和无土手栽苗。(4)无土秧苗活棵期间植株含水率比立苗初期下降快,后逐渐上升,10d后接近带土秧苗。(5)带土直立苗、带土倾斜苗抛后叶绿素含量高于无土手栽苗,无土平躺苗叶绿素含量低于无土手栽苗,带土平躺苗和无土手栽苗没有多大差异,所有处理秧苗除无土平躺苗外10d后叶绿素含量逐渐恢复正常。(6)栽后2d所有处理秧苗的根系、地上部的可溶性总糖在活棵立苗中被消耗,抛后4d无土秧苗地上部可溶性总糖开始增加,带土直立苗与带土倾斜苗活棵立苗快,栽后糖分消耗多。(7)立苗期间,各种苗姿植株地上、地下部的N、P、K积累量都增加,平均增速以带土秧苗大于无土秧苗,直立苗大于平躺苗。由此说明,带土秧苗比非带土秧苗活棵立苗早,直立苗比非直立苗活棵早。因此,生产上抛秧稻要选择带土秧苗,提高直立苗比例,减少平躺苗比例,提高抛秧稻群体起点质量。
3.水稻抛秧带完整土球秧苗比不带土秧苗立苗快,且发根、地上部叶面积好于非完整土球秧苗；秧苗秧龄越小,活棵立苗快,发根则相反；增加底肥量,促进抛秧立苗；土壤表面5-6cm烂糊抛后立苗状况最好,立苗时间最短,地上部、地下部生长都好于土壤表面1-2cm烂糊的,且显著大于表面沉实的；30℃最适合抛秧立苗；壮苗在活棵立苗和生长方面都好于弱苗和黄化苗。因此生产上选用带完整土球适龄壮苗,适当增加底肥,整地平、烂,在气温30℃抛秧,利于水稻的生理立苗。
The field experiments were conducted in the experimental farms of agricultural college of Yangzhou university using Nanjing 44 as material to study the Mechanism of seedling standing and establishment of broadcasted rice and it's regulation.The main results are as follows:
1.Standing and establishment of the upright seedlings came earlier than the leaning seedlings the and the lying seedlings, the upright seedlings' biomass,N accumulation, net assimilation rate, lodging resistance and harvest yield were higher than the that of the seedlings and the lying seedlings; The rate of the upright seedlings was highest under the conditions that the soil of top 5-6 cm was soft and the broadcasting height was 3 m, which was 81%;The rate of the upright seedlings decreased gradually as water depth increased; The plastic trays with bigger hole should be chose moderately for ..raising seedling and the height of seedling should be controlled at 10-16 cm when broadcasting. The upright seedlings'growth status at different stages was better than the leaning seedlings and the lying seedlings, significantly the lying seedlings. Increasing the rate of upright seedlings made for high yield of broadcasted rice effectively. Under the condition that the soil at the depth of top 5-6 cm was soft, the broadcasting seedlings were low and broadcasting height was from 3 to 4 m it would have best seedling standing.
2.The morphological and physiological changes of seedling standing and establishment of broadcasted rice seedlings:(1)The crown of the lying seedlings bent its lower side that produced more new roots as a pivot for standing. In the curvature zone of the lying seedling, actively elongated cells of the lower side grew faster than those of the upper side, which led to an asymmetric growth. (2) The time of seedling standing of LESWS,LSWS and LSWTS was 4 d,8 d and 12 d, respectively. (3)USWS and LESWS produced more roots during seedling standing period, whose activity was stronger. (4) The water content of the seedlings without soil decreased fast during the early period then increased during the later period, which was near to that of the seedlings with soil from 10 days after transplanting. (5) The chlorophyll contents of LASWS, LASWTS and USWTS were lower than those of USWS and LESWS during the early period, Those of all treatments restored to the normal level from 10 days after transplanting except LASWTS.(6) Total soluble sugar of any treatment's roots and aboveground part was consumed at two days after transplanting, then that in aboveground plants of LASWTS and USWTS began to increase. USWS and LESWS consumed more total soluble sugar. (7) The N, P and K accumulation increased in root and aboveground parts. The average increasing rates of N, P and K accumulation were higher in the seedlings with soil than in the seedlings without soil and also higher in the upright seedlings than in the lying seedlings.And it could be concluded that, the time of seedling standing and establishment was earlier in the seedlings with soil than in the seedlings without soil and also earlier in the upright seedlings than in the leaning and lying seedlings. Therefore, in production we should choose the seedlings with soil, increase the proportion of the upright seedlings and reduce the proportion of the lying seedlings, as a result, improve the population quality for broadcasted rice.
3.The standing of broadcasted seedlings is the basis of high yield broadcasted rice, and the speed of physiological standing of broadcasted rice seedlings decides the broadcasted rice's population quality and productivity. In this research, rice cultivar named Najing 44 was adopted as material, and the effects of the different cultivation methods on broadcasted rice seedlings were studied during the process of seedling standing and establishment. Results showed that:the standing of broadcasted seedlings with intact soil was faster than the seedlings with non-intact soil.moreover, the roots and the leaf area grew better than the seedlings with non-intact soil; The younger the seedling age, the faster the seedling standing, but the roots were on the contrary; Increasing the base fertilizer quantity moderately will help the standing of broadcasted seedlings; the standing time of seedlings under the condition that the soil at the depth of top 5-6cm was mud was shortest, And the growing status above and below ground was better than the seedlings in 1～2cm soft soil and significantly better than the seedlings in hard soil; The optimal temperature for seedling standing was 30℃; Strong seedlings were better than weak seedlings in standing. Therefore, choosing the young age seedlings with intact soil under the conditions that the top soil is mud, increases the base fertilizer quantity and the temperature is about 30℃,it would have best physiological seedling standing.
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