摘要
论文从单个遗址和墓地的分组,到多个遗址和墓地的分段,再到整个考古学文化的分期,最后到诸多考古学文化的编年序列等几个不同层面的研究入手,分别建立了嫩江流域、辽西山地、辽西平原、辽东南部、辽东北部、第二松花江流域、图们江流域等7个自然地理区域内夏至战国时期考古学文化的编年坐标。经过横向对比和整合研究,区分出了夏至早商、商代晚期、西周至春秋、战国等4个大的历史发展阶段。以纵横两方面研究为基础,构建了整个东北地区夏至战国时期考古学文化的时空框架体系;从文化,到文化系,再到文化区,最后到文化带等几个不同层次的研究出发,分别确立了双砣子文化系、马城子文化系、高台山文化系、夏家店下层文化系、小拉哈文化系、兴城文化系等6个并行发展但谱系有别的文化系统。按文化亲缘关系的不同,区分出了嫩江流域、图们江流域、辽东南部3个“系列考古文化区”和第二松花江流域、辽东北部、辽西平原、辽西山地4个“序列考古文化区”。根据自然环境、文化特点、历史背景和文化背景的不同,将夏至战国时期的东北划分成了东西并列的两个文化带,即以大兴安岭、燕山为依托的西部“大兴安岭—燕山文化带”和以长白山、千山为依托的东部“长白山—千山文化带”。
The main study content of this paper is the space-time framework and pedigree relations of archeology culture of Xia Dynasty to Warring States in northeast region of China.The space-time framework study, first selected respectively the Nenjiang River basin, the mountainous area and plain area of west Liaoning, the south area of east Liaoning, the north area of east Liaoning, the Second Songhua River basin, and the Tumen River basin, to carry out the period division and chronology studies of archeology culture, so as to establish the longitudinal coordinates of archeology culture development of 7 areas. Then based on the transverse comparison and conformity studies of 7 longitudinal coordinates, 4 development stages of Xia Dynasty to early Shang Dynasty, the late period of Shang Danasty, Wester Zhou Dynasty to Spring and autumn Period, and Warring States area divided. Finally on the basis of longitudinal and transverse studies, the space-time framework of archeology culture of Xia Dynasty to Warring States in northeast region was established.Culture pedigree study, first according to the difference of genetic relations between archeology culture remains, divided the archeology culture areas of Xia Dynasty to Warring States in northeast region into 6 culture series of Shuangtuozi culture series, Gaotaishan culture series, Xiajiadian lower layer culture series, xiaolaha culture seires, and Xingcheng culture series; then according to the difference of regional culture development pattern, marked off 3 "series archeology culture areas" and 4 "sequence archeology culture areas", and finally based on the analysis of
natural environment, cultural characteristics, historical background and cultural background, further marked off 2 culture belts of east and west, depending on respectively the Changbai Mountain and the Qianshan Mountain, and the Da Hinggan Mountains-the Yanshan Mountain. The paper is divided into 11 parts.The preface defines the space-time category of this paper study, the entire circumstance of previous studies, the main study content of this paper, the study train of thinking, and the harvest and breakthrough to be obtained expectantly.Chapter One is the period division and chronology of archeology culture of the Nenjiang River basin. "Gucheng remains" of the late period of Shang Dynasty" is identified for the first time, the period division studies of Xiaolaha culture, Baijinbao culture and Hanshu second period culture were completed. It is definite that the tomb materials understanding that the remains representative by Erkeqian graveyard, and the remains representative by Pingyang tomb should be respectively Baijingbao culture and Hanshu second period culture. The remains of Xia Dynasty to the early Han Dynasty, from early to late, is divided into 8 stages of Xia dynasty to the early period of Shang Dynasty(the early and late periods of Xiaolaha culture), the late period of Shang Dynasty(ancient city remains), the early period of Western Zhou Dynasty (the early period of Baijinbao culture), the middle period of Western Zhou Dynasty (the middle period of Baijinbao culture), the late period of Western Zhou Dynasty to the late period of Spring and Autumn Period(the late period of Baijinbao culture), the early period of Warring States (the early period of Hanshu second period culture), Western Han period (the late period ofHanshu second period culture).Chapter Two is the period division and chronology of archeology culture of the mountainous area of west Lioaning. It is considered that the entire age should be the late period of Shang Dynasty, the lower limit cannot be later than the early period of Western Zhou Dynasty. It is defined that the upper layer culture of Xiajiadian is the remains of the early period of Western Zhou Dynasty to the late period of Spring and Autumn Period, its upper limit age cannot be earlier than the late period of Shang Dynasty, and lower limit age can reach the late period of Spring and Autumn Period. It is proposed that "Tiejianggou remains" and "Jinggouzi remains" both belong to the
same culture category; the age is the same as "Shuiquan remains" and "Wudaohezi remains". "Linghe remains" is marked off into the early period and the late period, and it is considered that the early period and the late period correspond to Xiajiadian upper layer culture and "Shuiquan remains" respectively. Eight types of culture remains in this area, from early to late, are divided into 6 stages of Xia (the early period of Xiajiadian lower layer culture), the early period of Shang Dynasty(the late period of Xiajiadian lower layer culture), the late period of Shang dynasty(Weiyingzi culture), the early period of Western Zhou Dynasty to the late period of Spring and Autumn Period (Xiajiadian upper layer culture, the early period of "Linghe remains"), the early- middle period of Warring States("Shuiquan remains", "Jinggouzi remains" (including "Tiejianggou remains"), "Wudaohezi remains", the late of period of "Linghe remains"), the late period of Warring States (Yan culture)Chapter Three is the period division and chronology of archeology culture of the plain area of west Lioaning. It is put forward for the first time that " Ping'anbao second period remains" should belong to the remains of the early period of Xia Dynasty, and is regarded as the direct predecessor of Gaotaishan culture. The two culture remains of this area are marked off into 3 stages of the early period of Xia Dynasty ("Ping'anbao second period remains "), the mid-late period of Xia Dynasty to the early period of Shang Dynasty (the early period of Gaotaishan culture), the late period of Shang Dynasty (the late period of Gaotaishan culture)Chapter Four is the period division and chronology of archeology culture of south area of east Lioaning. It is pointed out that Laotieshan stone grave should be the tomb of Shuangtuozi first period culture, which is one kind of bronze culture in the early period of Xia Dynasty. Shuangtuozi second period culture is not considered to be a local type of Yueshi culture, but one local indigene culture influenced strongly by Yueshi culture of Shandong Penisula. With the study method of pure typology, Shuangfang culture is divided into the early, middle and late periods for the first time, and based on pottery comparison, it is identified that Shuangfang should develop on the basis of Shuangtuozi first, second and third periods culture. Backbone dagger of Shuangfang culture is redivided into 8 different styles, and strictly depending on the coexisting relation of them and pottery, its cast age should be determined the early
period of Western Zhou Dynasty to the late period of Warring States. Four types of archeology culture remains areas of this area are divided into 7 stages of the early period of Xia Dynasty (Shuangtuozi first period culture), the mid-late period of Xia Dynasty to the early period of Shang Dynasty (Shuangtuozi second period culture), the first stage of the late period of Shang Dynasty(the early period of Shuangtuozi third period culture), second stage of the late period of Shang Dynasty(the late period of Shuangtuozi third period culture), Western Zhou Dynasty(the early period of Shuangfang culture), Spring and Autumn Period ((the middle period of Shuangfang culture), Warring States (the late period of Shaungfang culture).Chapter Five is the period division and chronology of archeology culture of north area of east Lioaning. The innovation is that through close demonstration, for the first time, so-called Shenyang "Xinle upper layer culture", Kangping "Shunshantun type", Faku "Wanliu remains", Fushun "Wanghua remains" discovered before in this area are all incorporated into Machengzi culture category, and it is pointed out that these remains are actually Machengzi culture remains materials, Machengzi culture is the genral title of the archeology culture remains of Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty in north area of east Liaoning. According to the analysis and comparison of stratigraphy relation and coexistence relation, Machengzi culture and Shuangfang culture of this area are uniformly divided into 5 stages of Xia Dynasty to the early period of Shang Dynasty (the early period of Machengzi culture), the late period of Shang Dynasty (the late period of Machengzi culture), Western Zhou Dynasty (the early period of Shuangfang culture), Spring and Autumn Period (the middle period of Shangfang culture), Warring States (the late period of Shuangfang culture).Chapter Six is the period division and chronology of archeology culture of the Second Songhua River basin. Based on the age grouping of the third excavation remains at Yongji Yangtun Dahameng site, the site materials of the entire Xituanshan culture were carried out staged study. Using pure typology method, the pottery kettles unearthed from Xituanshan culture tomb were carried out classification and grounping study. By contrast to the pottery of the site in stages, and by longitudinal and transverse comparison with other archeology culture pottery, Xituanshan culture,
from early to late, is uniformly divided into the early, middle and late periods. The ages of these three periods are determined respectively Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States.Chapter Seven is the period division and chronology of archeology culture of the Tumen River basin. Based on the statigraphy ration provided by Huining Wudong site in Korea, combined with the archeology discovery in the Tumen River basin in China, the ancient culture remains of Xia Dynasty to Warring States is divided into the early culture and late culture. Earlier Xingcheng culture is divided into early and late periods based on the stratigraphy relation of Xingcheng site, and later Liudong culture is also divided into early and late periods based on the stratigraphy relation of Wudong site. Finally by longitudinal comparison, the Tumen River basin is divided into 4 stages of Xia Dynasty to the early period of Shang Dynasty (the early period of Xingcheng culture), the late period of Shang Dynasty (the late period of Xingcheng Culture), Western Zhou Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period (the early period of Liutingdong culture), Warring States (the late period of Liutingdong culture).Chapter Eight is the space-time framework of archeology culture of Xia Dynasty to Warring States in northeast region. Through the comparison of archeology culture chronology coordinate of 7 different areas established in Chapter One to Chapter Seven and concordance study, it is found out that from Xia Dynasty to Warring States, the origin of archeology culture of northeast region is multisource, the culture development is continuous. Although the evolution rates of these areas are not the same, the culture transition of these areas at several large time scales are basally synchronous. According this synchronism, the whole period from Xia Dynasty to Warring States, from early to late, is divided into 4 development stages of Xia Dynasty to early Shang Dynasty, the late period of Shang Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period, and Warring States. Sequentially on the basis of longitudinal and transverse studies, the space-time framework of archeology culture of Xia Dynasty to Warring States in northeast region was established.Chapter Nine is the pedigree pattern of archeology culture of Xia Dynasty to Warring States in northeast. At first based on space-time framework, staring from seeking the pedigree relations between remains, a good many archeology cultures are
carried out trans-region and trans-age contrast studies, it is discovered that the archeology culture of Xia Dynasty to Warring States in northeast region can be divided into at least 6 different culture systems: (1) Shuangtuozi first period culture -— Shuangtuozi second period culture -* Shuangtuozi third period culture -* Shuangfang culture system, (2) Machengzi culture^Xituanshan culture system, (3) Gaotaishan culture-^Xiajiadian upper layer culture system, (4) Xiajiadian lower layer culture —-Tazhao first period, second period culture —-Zhangjiayuan upper layer culture system, (5) Xiaolaha culture-*"Gucheng remais" -"Baijinbao culture-* Hanshu second period system, (6) Xingcheng culture-*Liutingdong culture system. Archeology cultures of each culture system interior have culture handing-on relations each other; belong to the same archeology culture pedigree. Then based on the different culture relations in natural geographical regions, 3 "series archeology culture areas"(the Nenjiang River basin, the Tumen River basin, south part of east Liaoning), and 4 "sequence archeology culture areas"(tnountain in west Liaoning, plain in west Liaoning, north part of east Liaoning, the Second Songhua River basin). Finally, based on different natural environment, culture characteristics, historic background and culture background, two culture belts of east and west apposition are divided into. One is the west "Da Hinggan Mountains—Yanshan Mountain culture belt depending on the Da Hinggan Mountains and the Yanshan Mountain, the other is "Changbai Mountain -Qianshan Mountain culture belt" depending on the Changbai Mountain and the Qianshan Mountain.Chapter Ten sums up the experience and thought about regional archeology culture space-time framework and pedigree study; Illustrates with examples, the error results resulting from determining relic age based on bronze ware,; lays stress on the importance and guide effect to strengthen deep understanding of archeological chronology principle in the study on remains period division and chronology; based on the study on pottery chronology and northeast series copper sword and pottery coexistence relations, discusses again the classification, age and origin of northeast series copper sword; puts forward that the cast age of northeast series copper sword can beas early as the early period of Western Zhou Dynasty, the earliest copper sword should be cast in east Liaoning(quite possibly Luda area), then spread into west
Liaoning, Korea Penisula and the Second Songhua River basin, so that as for the origin of northeast series copper sword, "East Liaoning theory" proposed before should be believable, at least obtain the support of evidence provided by pottery studies.
引文