摘要
随着我国社会经济的迅速发展和城市化进程的不断加快,各类城市的环境噪声污染正日益严重。国家已经对一些大中城市的环境噪声进行了全面的普查和监控,但是一些中小城市,因受多种因素的制约,这方面的工作进展缓慢。可以肯定的是,随着人们生活水平的改善,人们对声环境的要求会不断提高,加强中小城市环境噪声污染的监测和控制工作势在必行。杨凌示范区作为新发展起来的中小城市,科教人员约占全区城市人口的63%,这种人口构成对示范区的声环境提出了更高的要求。本实验从城市环境噪声功能区的角度出发,对杨凌区区域环境噪声进行监测与评价,分析了杨凌区环境噪声污染的原因、现状及特征,结合多种评价指标对噪声水平进行评价,并提出相应降噪措施,以期为改善杨凌声环境提供科学依据。
根据国家相应噪声标准,监测并评价分析了杨凌区区域环境噪声的总体现状,研究结果表明:
(1)噪声源总体现状:老城区的噪声源主要是社会生活噪声和交通噪声,其中车辆鸣笛和刹车声扰民频繁;新城区偶发性噪声超标较大,包括商业宣传声、紧急刹车声、大型装载卡车声和建筑施工噪声等;城中村交通道路穿越区域交通噪声污染严重,同时存在社会生活噪声。
(2)区域环境噪声总体水平:杨凌区相应噪声指标Le q、σ、L9 0、L5 0和L1 0分别为53.6dB、4.5dB、45.6dB、50.4dB、55.0dB。依照污染分指数,杨凌示范区PN =0.71,声环境状况为“一般”。
(3)0类区(疗养区、高级别墅、宾馆区)在昼间和夜间的噪声均有超标现象,超标率分别为10.4%和2.2%,主要是由频繁途经该区域的运载建筑材料的工程车引起的。但该区田园别墅内居民很少,而水明园休养中心正在修建,因此噪声影响面不大。加强途经该区域的工程车的管理,能够改善该区域的声环境问题。
(4)1类区(机关、文教、居住区)声环境普遍较好,但临街建筑物因受交通噪声影响明显,超标严重。同时建筑施工和室内装修等建筑噪声对1类区也有干扰。在隔离栅栏和隔离墙上种植绿篱,并严格控制建筑施工时间,提高室内装修工人的环保素质,是降低该1类区噪声的有效手段。
(5)2类区(居住、商业、一般工业混杂区)昼间平均等效声级L d=61.6dB,超标1.6dB,超标率为2.7%;夜间平均等效声级L n=48.9dB,夜间声环境较好。社会生活噪声在昼间所占监测网格数的比例最大,为54.3%。
(6)4类区(主要交通干道两侧)属交通干道两侧的区域,杨凌区10条交通干道在评价时段内昼间(6:00 ~ 22:00)平均等效A声级为68.2dB,比国家标准规定的70dB(A)低2.6%,但噪声起伏大,对交通干道两侧居民瞬时干扰强烈。西农路车流量最高,交通噪声污染严重,超标0.7dB(A)。西农路和邰城路的车流量及交通噪声昼间变化峰值均出现在上、下班时段;渭惠路的车流量及交通噪声昼间起伏不大,与上、下班时段无明显关系,符合客运型干道的交通特点。渭惠路噪声频谱分析中,低频区噪声污染较严重。
影响杨凌区交通噪声的主要因素为:车流量、车辆的构成和种类、车辆行驶状况、车辆性能、城市交通管理和道路建设等。另外,行人交通规则意识淡薄,来往车辆为避行人鸣笛现象严重,这也是交通噪声的一个间接因素。如果能在杨凌全区内开展交通规则宣传与学习的活动,或许能从根本上杜绝或减缓车辆鸣笛现象,继而降低交通噪声。
(7)总之,除交通干线外,3类功能区的环境噪声超标情况由高到低依次为:0类标准适用区>1类标准适用区>2类标准适用区。
Along with our country’s social economy rapid development and the urbanization advancement, each kind of city ambient noise pollution day by day becomes increasingly serious. The country has already carried on the comprehensive general survey and the monitoring to some big or media-sized cities ambient noise, but in some small and medium-sized towns and cities, because of many kinds of restrictions, this kind of work progress slow down. It is sure that along with people living standard improvement, the people can enhance unceasingly to the sound environment request, it is imperative to strengthen the monitor and the control of small and medium-sized town and city ambient noise pollution. Yang ling as the newly-developing small and medium-sized town and cities, the sci-tech and educational personnel approximately composes the entire area urban population 63%; this kind of population constitution sets a higher request to the district sound environment. This experiment embarks from the urban environment noise, carrying on the monitor and the appraisal of the region ambient noise to Yang Ling, and has analyzed the reason of Yang Ling the ambient noise pollution, the present situation and the characteristic, combining many kinds of appraisal target to carry on the appraisal to the noise level, and proposed the corresponding noise reduction measure, in order to provide the scientific basis. the scientific base for the improvement of Yang ling’s sound environment.
According to the national corresponding noise standard, monitoring, appraising and analyzing the region ambient noise overall present situation of Yang Ling, the findings had indicated that:
(1)Noise source overall present situation: the noise source of old urban area mainly comes from the daily life and the traffic, especially the whistle and brake of the traffic. in which vehicles blows a whistle with the braking sound interference people is frequent; new urban area accidental noise exceeding the allowed figure is big, including commercial propaganda sound, emergency brake sound, large-scale loading truck sound and building construction noise and so on; The village in the city the village transportation path passes through the region traffic noise pollution to be serious, simultaneously has the social life noise.Transportation path passes through the region traffic noise pollution to be serious, simultaneously has the social life noise.
(2)Region ambient noise aggregate level: Yang Ling the corresponding noise target, and respectively is 53.6dB, 4.5dB, 45.6dB, 50.4dB, 55.0dB.According to the pollution fractional exponent, the sound environment condition of Yang Ling is so-so.
(3)0 # areas have the overproofed phenomenon in the day and at night, exceeding the allowed figure rate respectively are 10.4% and 2.2%, mainly is cause by the frequent way this region delivery building material machine shop truck. But in this area countryside villa the inhabitant are very few, but the Shui Mingyuan recuperates center is constructing, therefore the noise influence is not big. The enhancement truck management of this region can improve this region the sound environment.
(4)1 #area sound environment is generally good, because but faces the street the building to be obvious the traffic noise influence, exceeding the allowed figure is serious. Simultaneously constructs construction noises and so on the construction and house decoration also has the disturbance to 1 # area. In isolates on the stockade and the isolation wall plants the hedgerow, and the strict control construction time, improves the house decoration worker's environmental protection quality, is reduces this 1 kind of area noise the effective method.
(5)2 # area day average equivalent acoustic level, exceeds the allowed figure 1.6dB, exceeding the allowed figure rate is 2.7%; the average equivalent acoustic level, at night the sound environment is good at night. The social life noise occupies the monitor grid number in the day the proportion to be biggest, is 54.3%.
(6)4 # areas are the transportation main road both sides of the region, 10 transportation main roads of Yang Ling in the appraisal time interval the day (6:00 ~ 22:00) the average equivalent A acoustic level are 68.2dB, compared to national standards stipulation 70dB (A) low 2.6%, but the noise fluctuates in a big way, is intense to the transportation yang or male principle both sides inhabitant instant disturbance. Xi Nong Road traffic flow magnitude is highest, the traffic noise pollution is serious, exceeds the allowed figure 0.7dB(A).West the agricultural road and the Tai city road traffic flow magnitude and the traffic noise day change peak value appears in on, gets off work the time interval; The Wei Hui Road traffic flow magnitude and the traffic noise day fluctuation is not big, with on, gets off work the time interval to relate not obviously, conforms to the passenger transportation or main principle transportation characteristic. In the Wei Hui Road noise spectrum analysis, the low frequency area noise pollution is serious.
The primary factor influenced the area traffic noise is: Traffic flow magnitude, vehicles constitution and type, vehicles traveling condition, vehicles performance, municipal transportation management and path construction and so on. Moreover, pedestrian traffic rule consciousness is light; in order to evade the pedestrian, blow a whistle. The phenomenon is to be serious, and this also is a traffic noise indirect factor. If can the area develops the traffic regulations propaganda and the learning activity in Yang Ling, perhaps can fundamentally cease or slows down the vehicles blowing a whistle, subsequently reduces the traffic noise.
(7)In brief, besides the transportation skeleton line, 3 kind of function areas ambient noise exceeding the allowed figure situation from high to low in turn is: 0 kind of standards are suitable an area >1 kind of standard to be suitable an area >2 kind of standard to be suitable the area.
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