摘要
作为我国著名的农业大省和最大的商品粮基地,黑龙江省农村金融改革关乎“三农”问题的解决,关系经济包容性增长与社会和谐稳定。2004-2010年,我国连续七个中央一号文件都对农村金融改革进行了部署,对农村金融改革和发展起到了主要的推动作用。近年来,黑龙江省积极深化农村金融改革,创新农村金融服务方式和产品,重视发挥农村金融对“三农”经济的推动作用。但是随着改革的深入,现有农村金融体系的弊端日益明显,其突出问题是服务越来越倾向于价值取向较高的客户,同时将有发展潜力的中小企业、微型企业、个体经营者、农户或者自然人客户被排斥在金融服务范围之外。如何破解农村金融排斥态势,保障金融服务享用权的公平性,让广大农村地区所有有金融需求的群体都可以平等的享受金融服务,从而更好地发挥农村金融作为农村经济的核心作用就显得越发重要。黑龙江省应抓住这一难得的历史机遇,积极构建满足和适应黑龙江省农村普惠型的农村金融体系,普遍惠及于广大农村地区一切需要金融服务的社会团体,尤其应惠顾于被传统金融体系所忽视的弱势群体。普惠型农村金融体系强调要从广度和深度上进步完善农村金融体系,依靠技术革新和政策支持来推动金融市场向那些更加贫困和更加偏远的地区开放,并提供种类更加丰富、价格更加合理的金融产品。同时,要从观念上“扶正”微型金融的地位,不再将其边缘化,而是将其视为国家整体金融发展战略,大力发展微型金融和小额信贷,从而最大限度地扩大金融覆盖面。
本研究在详细阐述了普惠型农村金融体系的基本内涵和理念,论证了黑龙江省构建普惠型农村金融体系的必要性和可行性,总结了国内外普惠金融服务实践情况的基础上,从四个层面分析影响黑龙江省普惠型农村金融体系构建的主要因素。从客户层面,分析了黑龙江省农村金融需求主体及农村金融信贷约束；从微观层面,分析了黑龙江省农村金融的供给主体,同时定性阐述了农村金融排斥现象,指出破解金融排斥态势的最优途径是构建普惠型农村金融体系；从中观层面,分析了黑龙江省农村金融市场的现状及存在的问题；从宏观层面,分析了黑龙江省构建普惠型农村金融体系的宏观经济与政策因素,同时运用VAR模型实证研究了农村金融体系发展与“三农”经济的动态关系。
据此,研究以构建目标为基点,以客户层面为中心,从微观层面、中观层面、宏观层面设计普惠型农村金融体系。即分别从组织体系和普惠型金融产品体系来构建微观层面——金融服务提供者及产品；从包含支付体系等市场基础设施、包含信用体系及担保体系的信息管理服务、技术服务支持和网络支持组织等四个方面来构建体系中观层面——金融市场建设及相关服务；从普惠金融的战略地位与政府角色、激励与约束制度政策体系和监管体系三个方面构建了体系宏观层面,从而构建了满足黑龙江省农村多层次金融需求的,功能完善、分工合理、产权明晰、管理科学、监管有效、竞争适度、优势互补、可持续发展的普惠型农村金融体系,将包括落后地区和穷人在内的农村金融服务有机地融入于微观、中观和宏观三个层面的金融体系,普遍地惠及被排斥于金融服务之外的大规模的贫困和中低收入客户群体。
最后,研究提出了促进黑龙江省普惠型农村金融体系建设的对策,主要应从四个着力点入手：着力于发展新型农村金融机构和推广小额信贷等微型金融服务,认为放宽新型农村金融机构的准入条件,大力发展村镇银行等新型农村金融机构,同时鼓励发展适合农村特点和需要的小额信贷和微型金融服务；着力于建立健全的农村信贷担保运行机制,加大政府对农村信贷担保体系建设的支持力度,建立政府扶持、多方参与、市场运作的农村信贷担保机制；着力于逐步引导农村林地等土地经营权进入金融领域,充分利用黑龙江省林业资源丰富,积极推广林权抵押贷款。探索土地抵押贷款模式,逐步引导农村土地使用权进入金融领域；着力于发展农村保险以降低普惠金融业务风险。建立多元化的农村保险机构、农村保险产品合作开发机制、融资与保险配套合作机制和健全再保险市场体系。
As a famous Chinese agricultural province and the largest commodity grain base, "SAN nong" question is related to Heilongjiang economic inclusiveness growth and social stability. China's Central first file is issued year by year from 2004 to 2010, which plays a main role on the rural financial reform and development. It is import that how to deepen rural financial reform to use rural financial as the core function of rural economy. Heilongjiang province has been actively deepen rural financial reform, Paying attention to the role of financial in "three agriculture" economic. However, the disadvantages of rural financial system are becoming more and more obvious, such as inefficiency of funds deployment, difficulty of financing from rural economic subject. Traditional financial service which targeting the high-value people, providing micro-credit, micro-insurance and other financial services, ignoring small and medium enterprises, micro-enterprises, farmer or natural customer. It is significant for studying existing problems of rural financial system and exploring construction of environment conducive to sustainable development of inclusive rural finance system. China should establish a multi-level system of micro-finance and develop a variety of micro-finance operation modes. Micro-finance is not only an essential part of financial system but also a necessary part of deepen development of finance. Exploring and then optimizing China's national micro-finance mode is not only an inevitable choice in deepening the development of China's micro-finance, but also a necessary requirement to achieve inclusive rural financial goals.
This study describes an inclusive rural finance about the basic content and concepts, demonstrates the need and the feasibility of the building inclusive rural finance sectors of Heilongjiang Province, and Summarized inclusive financial services practice at home and abroad. Based on the above, we analyzed the main factors of building inclusive rural financial system from four aspects:From the customer level, analysis of the main demand and credit constraint of rural finance in Heilongjiang Province; From the micro level, analysis of the main supply of rural finance in Heilongjiang Province, and described Qualitatively the rural financial exclusion, find the best way to settle up financial exclusion is to build inclusive financial system in rural areas;From concept level, analysis of the situation and existing problems of rural financial market; From a macro level, the analysis of the macroeconomic and policy factors, and Empirical study of the dynamic relationship between the rural finance development and the "three rural "economic based on the VAR model. Poor and low-income clients are at the center of the financial system. Their demand for financial services drives the actions of those at all the other. So study is based on customer level as the center to design of inclusive financial system in rural areas from the micro level, meso level, macro level concept level and the macro-level. At the micro level of financial system:financial service providers and products, we build it from the inclusive organizational system and products; at the meso level of financial system-the financial markets and related services, we build it from Four aspects:market infrastructure included Payment system, information management services included the credit system and guarantee system, technical support and network support organizations. At the macro-level of system, we build it from the inclusive strategic position and financial role of government, the incentive and control mechanism policy system, and supervision system. Thus, the inclusive rural financial system in Heilongjiang is of meet multi-level rural financial needs, comprehensive, rational division of labor, property rights, scientific management, supervision and effective, moderately competitive, complementary, and sustainable development. Ultimately, integration into the financial system could open financial markets to the majority of people living in developing countries, including poorer and more geographically remote clients than are currently reached.
Finally, based on this point, policy suggestions are put forward:(1) Develop medium and small-scaled financial institutes and new types of the rural financial institutes, promoting the development of Micro-credit and micro-financial services by policy and system innovations. (2) Establish the developmental financial system which covers the countryside, including establishing the market normalization of the rural investing and financing main body, the credit guarantee system of the rural financial market, and risk share mechanism. (3)To construct a rural land circulation financial supporting system of multilayer and diversification。It is necessary to analyze the basic principles、innovation approaches and main content that should be followed in the development and innovation for rural land circulation financial supporting products, on the basis of which emphasis is paid on new financial products for rural land circulation such as:Rural-land-use-right mortgage loans, pledged loans for the rights of rural land contracting and management, and farmers united guaranteed loans etc, so that carriers and operation conditions are created for the rural land circulation financial support.(4) Establish the risk compensation institution of the rural finance, including establishing the provisions of risk institution for the rural finance, exploring the institutions for the rural finance and the industrial insurance.
引文
[1]Yaron, Jacob, McDonald Benjamin, and Gerda Piprek.1997. "Rural Finance Issues, Design and Best Practices." World Bank, Agriculture and Natural Resources Department, Washington, D.C.
[2]Mckinnon, R.I. The Order of Economic Liberalization:Financial Control in the Transition to a Market Economy [M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1973.
[3]GGAP, " Access for ALL:Building inclusive financial systems ", Washington, D.C.2006:20-24
[4]张杰.农户、国家与我国农贷制度：一个长期视角[J].金融研究.2005(2)：44-47
[5]王为宁.中国农村金融问题研究综述[J].企业家天地理论版.2007(06)：63-64
[6]冉光和,温涛,李敬.我国农村经济发展的金融约束效应研究[J].我国软科学.2008(07)：27-37
[7]杜晓山.小额信贷的发展与普惠性金触体系框架[J].我国农村经济.2005(06)：21-23
[8]顾海峰,蔡四平.我国新农村建设中农村金融组织体系的重构研究——基于功能视角的农村金融组织体系探[J].调研世界,2009(03)：7-12
[9]焦瑾璞.构建普惠金融体系的重要性[J].中国金融,2010(10)：10-11
[10]汤敏.如何加快普惠型金融发展[J].中国金融,2010(10)：7-9
[11]马洪范,商瑾.构建普惠金融体系的财政思考[J].中国金融,2010(10)：41-43
[12]韩俊.加快建立普惠型的农村金融体系[J]。农村经营管理,2009(02)：20-23
[13]杜晓山.小额信贷与普惠金融体系[J].中国金融,2010(10)：06-07
[14]张海峰.商业银行在普惠金融体系中的角色和作用[J].农村金融研究,2010(05)：20-21
[15]杜晓山.以普惠金融体系理念促进农村金融改革发展——对中西部农村地区金融改革的思考[J].农业发展与金融,2007,(01)：36-38
[16]杜晓山.和谐金融与普惠金融体系[J].中国农村信用合作,2008(01)：12-14
[17]杜晓山.服务弱势群体应发展普惠金融体系[J].农村金融研究,2008(02)：14-16
[18]陆游.农村普惠金融体系与商业型小额信贷的发展[J].管理观察,2008(17)：34-35
[19]王安军,王广明.贫困地区金融供求分析与建立普惠金融服务体系的建议[J].海南金融,2007(08).22-23
[20]王睿,明悦.普惠性金融体系下中国农村小额信贷机构的研究分析重庆大学学报(社会科学版)[J].200814(5)：22-24
[21][雷振启.中国农村金融体系构建研究[D].华中科技大学,2009,22-27
[22]祝健.中国金融体系重构[D].福建师范大学,2007,34-36
[23]戈德史密斯.雷蒙德.金融结构与金融发展[M].上海：上海三联书店,1984.10
[24]麦金农.经济发展中的金融深化.王威等译[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社.1989
[25]爱德华.·S·肖.经济发展中的货币与资本[M].上海：三联书店上海分店,1988
[26]谈儒勇.金融发展理论与中国金融发展[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2000：46-47
[27]Jeremy Greenwood, Bruce D. Smith. Financial markets in development, and the development of financial markets Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control,1997 (21):145-181
[28]尼尔斯·赫密斯.金融发展与经济增长余.吕森译[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2001：11-15
[29]彭兴韵.金融学原理(第四版)[M].上海：格致出版社,2010：342-346
[30]李建英.转轨时期农村金融新体系研究[M]..北京：经济管理出版社,2007：10-13
[31]Stieglitz, J. and A.Weiss.Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information. American Economic Review [J] 1981, (71):393-410
[32]约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨.政府在经济发展中的作用.经济导刊[J].1997(6)：1-8
[33]冯兴元,何梦笔,何广文.试论中国农村金融的多元化——一种局部知识范式视角.中国农村观察[J].2004(05)：17-29
[34]焦瑾璞.构建普惠金融体系的重要性[J].2010(10)：10-11
[35]叶慧敏.李明贤我国农村普惠金融发展的机遇分析[J].2009(4)：48-52
[36]谭霖.清远地区农村普惠金融体系构建研究[D].2010,3-4
[37]田俊丽.中国农村金融体系重构——缓解农村信贷配给,成都：西南财经大学出版社,2007,3436
[38]王修华.新农村建设中的金融排斤与破解思路农业经济问题[J].2009(07)：42-48
[39]中华人民共和国农业发展纪实——解读政策建设“三农”北京：中国农业出版社,2010,39-43
[40]焦瑾璞,陈瑾.建设中国普惠金融体系[M].北京：中国金融出版社,2009,213-217
[41]王舵,李婷婷. 创新农村金融产品服务方式的探索[EB],2009,http://theory.people.com.cn/GB/10613342.html
[42]贺思文.普惠制视角下的农村金融体系设计及制度保障[J]全国商情理论研究2010,01：99-100
[43]朱建华,刘卫柏.社会公平与普惠型农村金融体系构建[J].社会科学家,2010(05)：95-98
[44]祝健.中国农村金融体系重构研究[D]2007,138-144
[45]陆磊,王颖.以社区型金融机构为载体构建中国普惠制金融框架：从微观到宏观[J].农村金融研究,2010(5)：11-17
[46]吴晓灵.建立现代农村金融制度的若干问题[J].中国金融,2010(10)：6-7
[47]张海峰.商业银行在普惠金融体系中的角色和作用[J].农村金融研究,2010(5)：20-26.
[48]刘萍.我国农村金融体系调查研究及对策—以黑龙江省为案例[J].黑龙江金融,2009(3)：109-111
[49]马九杰,沈杰.中国农村金融排斤态势与金融普惠策略分析[J].农村金融研究,2010(5)：33-35
[50]王金平.完善服务于新农利建设的农利金融体系的现实抉择[J].黑龙江金融,2008(11)：61-62
[51]景兆辉.新政视角下建立普惠农村金融服务体系的思考[J].甘肃金融,2009(10)：28-30
[52]王曙光.阻断二元金融结构--建立普惠金融体系[N].中国社会科学报,2010
[53]杨国平,蔡伟.农村土地承包经营权抵押贷款模式探讨[J].武汉金融,2009(2)：49-51