摘要
我国领土绝大部分空间范围都属于山地环境范畴,合理根据环境要素的功能与特征引导山地住区规划是新时期应对气候变化,促进可持续发展的关键。目前许多建成的住区规划,过分注重市场需求和经济利益,采取平场而建、填谷而居的片面策略,不仅影响了住区开放空间生态功能的发挥,更直接导致住区景观空间的千篇一律,毫无本土与归属感可言。
本文正是在此背景下展开讨论,其核心研究内容包括三个部分,第一部分是通过景观环境过程演化分析,提取区域环境要素空间约束类型;第二部分是对住区环境自然过程分析总结基于各类关键环境要素的用地控制方法,最后,通过环境要素与用地功能适宜匹配的角度提出响应环境过程的开放空间构建方法。
在区域层面上,首先,将国外环境形成基本原理与国内山地城市理论结合,梳理山地区域环境过程响应观;其次,从区域生态格局优化的角度,提出各类区域环境要素的空间约束类型,并对住区规划选址与建设引导提出建议。区域气候条件下的空间约束类型是城市、区域核心通风廊道、调节气候的绿色斑块;地质条件影响下的约束类型是一些大规模疏散场地以及坡度陡峭的地灾易发区;地形条件影响下的约束类型是各类型山体、山包组成的山脊线,包括地势陡峭、地形复杂的斜坡区域;水文条件影响下的约束类型是各类地势低洼的沟谷、河流以及岸线缓冲保护带。
在场地层面上,首先,应用环境评估引导用地决策的PCR(Presure– Condition - Reaction)基本模型与适宜度评价理论,梳理住区环境要素的分析方法;其次,通过场地-时间尺度的各类环境要素自然过程形式与特点的分析,在生态调研与理性评估综合指导下,辨别影响住区规划决策的关键环境要素,其中,地形地貌等小尺度、短时间内相对稳定的要素属于恒定性环境要素,而气候、水文、植被的敏感和易变度相对较高,属于变化性环境要素;最后,以关键环境要素为导向,通过生境类型识别,确立场地基本生态结构框架,并从从气候、水文、地形、植被、土壤、地灾六方面总结环境过程的用地控制方法。
在空间层面上,通过对住区开放空间类型与功能的分析,从环境要素与开放空间类型适宜匹配的角度,提出开放空间的环境学构建策略,并从规模、网络、序列三方面讨论开放空间的构建方法,具体包括开放空间的尺度、等级与规模构建,自然、防护、交往与交通网络空间构建,自然序列、人为感知与标识性构建;最后总结山地住区开放空间环境学规划途径的空间结构特征,包括时变、功能、规模、生态、序列五方面构成,并对各类环境要素影响下开放空间布局模式进行总结。得出基于气候自然过程的开放空间结构呈现“一风廊、多调节块、多通道”的布局;基于地质灾害的开放空间结构呈现“一面、多点疏散、点线防护渗透”的布局;基于地形地貌的开放空间结构呈现“面、线、点空间多样化”的布局;基于水文自然过程的开放空间结构呈现“集水面、缓冲带、排水网、补给块”的布局。
For the most part of the domain is coverd by mountain area, Design with the natural process become the essential solution to environment changing and sustainable development. Especially in the field of mountain residence planning. However, the great many of residential development unit tend to occupy the ecological framework including ridge, valley and habitat, for the reason of economic value. Such extensive substance planning during our reality lead to the severe damage to the ecological function of residential open space, indeed, the residence slump into the machine-made living space as a result of high capacity and density construction. Hence, in order to preserve the ecological structure and balance the service function, according to the residence planning in mountain area, design with the adaptability and flexibility resort to the environment approach is a way out.
The thesis is divided into three parts, for the first part is mainly analysis the space restriction during environment factors effect in mountain region, for the second part is focus on decision-making based on natural factors process in mountain residence, the last part is mainly discuss the function and ecological structure for the foundation of open space planning strategy in the environment approach.
In mountain regional scale, for the one thing, establishing the environment conception in mountain region scale according as combination the natural function and form theory with the mountain city theory. For another, give the advance of space restriction during environment factors effect, in the way of optimize the region ecological pattern. Draw the suggestion for land use planning.
In mountain residence scale, on the one hand, give the summarize of ecological adaptability analysis according to PCR(Pressure Condition Reaction) mode. On the other hand, distinguish the key environment factor from natural process on account of scale-movement natural factors process analysis. At last, for the key enviroment factor-oriented, establish the ecological structure owing to the habitat division, hence draw a sum up in land control pattern in environment approach, including climate approach pattern, hydrology approach and LID(Low Impact Development)pattern, topography approach and PUD(Planning Unir Development)pattern,vegetation, agrology approach and PCD(Preserv Control Development)pattern, geologic disaster approach pattern.
In residence open space scale, first of all, give the strategy to established open space in environment approach as a result of adaptable matching between environment factor location and the function of the open space. Second of all, analysis the establishing method of residence open space, for the detail procedures are made by scale discussion, network discussion and sequence discussion. In sum, give the advance for the structure of residence open space resort to the relative project practice and ecological survey involved in mountain residence, including diversification structure, function structure, scale structure, ecological structure and sequence structure. For the ecological structure, in the way of climate approach, the structure fabric is consist of a dominant wind corridor, several patchs adapted to the microclimate and diverse passages for decreasing the disadvantage of wind direction. In the way of geologic disaster approach, the structure fabric is consist of a mass shelter combined with several patch space, including the geologic defend cincture. In the way of topography approach, the structure fabric is consist of the surface pattern made by ridge, the line pattern made by slope and the dot pattern made by terrace. In the way of hydrology approach, the structure fabric is consist of the catchment, the buffer zone, the drain network and the groundwater supply patch.
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