摘要
本文采用既成事实分析的方法,以甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区为例,研究了游憩活动对保护区植被和土壤的冲击状况及游客对环境变化的心理状态。主要探讨了三大方面研究内容主要探讨了3大方面研究内容:保护区游憩活动对植被及植物群落造成的冲击影响;游憩活动对土壤理化性质所受冲击引起的影响;游客对由游憩活动而导致的环境变化的对环境所产生影响的可接受程度。并在此基础上,对甘肃莲花山自然保护区提出了环境保护管理策略,以期达到保护区生态效益、经济效益兼顾的可持续发展目的。研究结果为以下几方面其得到研究分析的结果:
1)游憩活动对甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区部分景点和地段的植被造成不同程度冲击,游客践踏对环境的冲击并不严重,游客影响一般沿步道两侧呈带状出现,并在一些较宽敞地段形成结点。
2)由于4个调查点植被冲击指数级别均属于I级,且这4个调查节点是整个莲花山自然保护区最具有代表性的区域,所以可推知,整个莲花山自然保护区人类游憩活动对当地植被群落的冲击程度均属于轻微(冲击指数均属于冲击指数均为I级);与国内同类研究结果比较,又根据与国内同类研究结果比较,游憩活动对甘肃省莲花山国家级自然保护区植被的冲击程度在国内在国内是相对较低的,其冲击对植被的影响是在保护区环境可承受范围以内。
3)所调查的4个节点中,游客对土壤冲击严重程度按从大到小的顺序排列为:保护区管理局>紫霄宫>唐坊滩—沙河滩>莲花宝殿;土壤硬度增加率分别为:保护区管理局为30.34%,紫霄宫为25.93%,唐坊滩—沙河滩为25.14%,莲花宝殿21.11%。且冲击样地的水分含量均低于对照样地,符合一般践踏对土壤造成干扰的规律。
4)游客对4个节点环境改变不可接受程度排序为是:紫霄宫>保护区管理局>沙河滩保护站>莲花宝殿。另外植被冲击指数由大到小是:紫霄宫>保护区管理局>莲花宝殿—沙河滩>莲花宝殿,这两者相比较可知游憩活动对植被的冲击程度与游客对环境改变不可接受程度是一致的,且成正相关性。由此推论,游客对环境改变的感官认识最直接的判断是植被受干扰而引起的变化程度。
5)游客滞留时间和活动范围是影响保护区生态环境的两个重要因素。通过调查分析发现,保护区内紫霄宫仅集中了登山游客量的48.1%,且但该调查点在4个调查节点(保护区管理局18.75 %;唐坊滩—沙河滩18.5 %;莲花宝殿18 %;紫霄宫24.55 %)中植被冲击指数最大,但受影响程度最大,说明游客在此滞留时间过长;而莲花宝殿上山路段的游客数量占到全部保护区游客量的80%以上,受影响程度反而最小。表明,此路段地形很大程度限制了游客游憩的范围。
6)在游憩活动中,植被和土壤是受冲击的最主要对象,通过对其采取保护措施,可有效防范游憩活动对保护区内生态环境造成的冲击。莲花山自然保护区旅游开发过程中,大规模设施建设及一些信教群众的无序的宗教活动等方面的因素,都对保护区内部分景点和部分地段的生态环境产生较为明显的干扰,这些原因都直接或间接与游憩活动有关。
7)针对保护区内生态环境质量存在的问题,提出如下的环境管理策略:第一,①游憩活动时空分异调控措施;第二,②植被冲击管理措施;第三,③土壤冲击管理措施;第四,④环境保护其他策略。
7)通过游憩对植被的冲击进行调查评估,可以就发现的问题有针对性地采取措施。比如,控制旅游高峰期间游人数量、开发新的旅游景点分散客流、开展户外环境教育、加强对游客游憩活动的监控等措施,进而促进甘肃省莲花山国家级自然保护区可持续的、和谐的发展。
Taking Lianhua Mountain National Nature Reserve in Gansu Province as its object, with the analysis of facts as its method, this research is carried out with an attempt to study the impact of recreational activities on the vegetation and soil in the nature reserve, as well as visitors’psychology towards the environmental changes. This thesis mainly elaborates on the following three aspects: the impact of recreational activities on the vegetation and plant communities, the impact of recreational activities on the properties of soil, and visitors’acceptance of the environmental changes caused by recreational activities. Based on the above-mentioned aspects, the author of this thesis puts forward some strategies and measures which aim at strengthening the environmental protection of Lianhua Mountain Nature Reserve to realize the goal of sustainable development which will obtain both ecological and economic benefits. The results of the analysis are as follows:
1) Recreational activities have brought about impact on the vegetation in some scenic spots and areas in the nature reserve. Visitors’tramping hasn’t caused severe impact on the environment, for they usually walk along the footpaths and in some comparatively spacious areas spots have been formed.
2) The degree of the impact of human recreational activities on the plant communities in Lianhua Mountain National Nature Reserve is slight, and compared with the results of corresponding domestic researches, the impact exerted by the recreational activities in Lianhua Mountain National Nature Reserve is relatively minor, and the impact on the vegetation is within the limits of the bearable range of the environment in the nature reserve.
3) Of the four sites of investigation, the recreational impact on the soil in order of severity is the Nature Reserve Administration >the Zixiao Palace > the Tangfang Beach-Shahe Beach>the Lianhua Palace. The degrees of soil hardness increment are as follows: 30.34 % in the Nature Reserve Administration, 25.93 % in the Zixiao Palace, 25.14 % in the Tangfang Beach-Shahe Beach, and 21.11 % in the Lianhua Palace. The moisture content in the sample plots which have been under impact is lower than that of the compared sample plots. This phenomenon is in accordance with the rules of the disturbance of the normal tramping on soil.
4)Visitors’unacceptance of the environmental changes of the four sites of investigation in order of severity is the Zixiao Palace > the Nature Reserve Administration >Shahe Beach Protection Station>the Lianhua Palace. The index of the impact on the vegetation in order of severity is the Zixiao Palace > the Nature Reserve Administration > the Lianhua Palace-Shahe Beach>the Lianhua Palace. From this comparation, we can conclude that the degree of recreational impact on vegetation is in accordance with the degree of visitors’unacceptance of the environmental changes and these two have positive relevance. Based on this, we can draw the conclusion that visitors’sensational recognition of the environmental changes directly come form the changing degree of the disturbance upon vegetation.
5) Visitors’stay time and activity sphere are the two main factors which influence the ecological environment in the nature reserve. The investigation and analysis show that only 48.1 % of the tourists have been to the Zixiao Palace, but it has been influenced most heavily. This indicates that visitors have stayed in this place for too long. More than 80 % of the visitors have been to the road up the mountains, but it has been influenced least heavily. This shows that the the terrain of this area has greatly limited visitors’activity sphere.
6) Vegetation and soil are the main objects of the impact caused by recreational activities. Therefore, if measures can be taken to protect them, the impact caused by recreational activities on the ecological environment in the nature reserve can be effectively prevented. During the tourism development of Lianhua Mountain Nature Reserve, the massive construction of infrastructure and some disorderly religious activities carried out by local religious believers have disturbed the ecological environment in some scenic spots and certain areas in the nature reserve. All these causes are either directly or indirectly related to the recreational activities.
7) Aiming at improving the ecological environment in Lianhua Mountain National Nature Reserve, this thesis proposes the following managerial strategies to protect the environment: first, the measures for the management of the time and space of the recreational activities ; second, the managerial measures for the impact on vegetation; third, the managerial measures for soil; fourth, the environmental protection and other strategies.
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