摘要
20世纪90年代后，生态旅游在世界范围内得到了迅速的发展，有关生态旅游的研究也成为热点。但目前很多有关生态旅游的理论研究尚未成熟，理论与实际联系较弱，所以有必要加强对生态旅游规划设计、管理、评价等方面的研究，以探讨实现生态旅游可持续发展的科学依据。
本文选择浙江省临安市作为研究对象，采用GIS技术手段和APPA(Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action)与PRA(Participatory Rural Appraise)相结合的手段进行数据的采集和资料的收集，并进行了游客调查、专家咨询调查，并对几家旅行社负责人、生态旅游开发商、导游及农户代表进行半结构式访谈和小组访谈。
针对临安市生态旅游的发展特点主要就以下四个内容进行研究：1）临安市生态旅游发展现状以及发展潜力分析；2）利用GIS技术对临安市的生态旅游资源进行规划，确定临安市的潜在的一、二级生态旅游区；3）以太湖源镇的白沙村和大峡谷镇的上坪村为例，研究当地生态旅游发展中居民参与问题；4）以上坪村为例，进行社区生态旅游CBET(Community-based Eco-tourism)发展的规划设计。主要研究结论如下：
1）临安市生态旅游的成功发展得益于临安市良好的生态环境、非木质林产品以及相关生态产业的综合发展和临安市强有力的政策支持。
2）限制临安市生态旅游健康发展的因子中最突出的是缺乏长远、整体的发展战略规划和社区居民参与不足问题。同时还存在景区雷同且开发速度过快、不良竞争、土地利用冲突、缺乏生态旅游市场的监控体系、森林补偿金不足、景区服务项目雷同、环境保护教育力度弱、利益冲突以及导游业务水平限制等问题，并就以上问题提出了6方面的发展对策。
3）通过对临安市土地利用的景观格局分析认为临安市具备发展生态旅游的基本条件。确定了临安市旅游资源的基本特征为自然性，提出了适合于当地的生态旅游定义及其6个属性和6个用于确定临安市潜在生态旅游单元的指标。通过旅游影响力的缓冲区分析和叠加分析，最终确定临安市2个级别的潜在生态旅游区。
4）目前临安市生态旅游发展中主要存在以白沙村与上坪村为代表的两种发展模式，跨越式和渐进式。两个村的发展模式存在的共同问题是“社区参与问题”。主要表现在居民的参与规模、参与项目类型、当地社区参与管理的水平、居民参与决策的意识和程度、相关受益方的关系、信息共享与培训机会以及参与方式与参与水平等7个方面。
5）改变临安市目前居民的参与方式和提高居民的参与水平势在必行，也是解决社区参与的关键。居民应该通过发展合理的参与规模、改善目前的参与形式，并加强培训以提高自身的能力、水平、参与意识以及在生态旅游活动中的专业技能，在主观上积极创造参与条件。参与的外部条件的创造则需要当地的旅游管理部门和旅游开发商建立旅游论坛，为社区参与提供机会。
6）发展CBET可以提高当地社区在旅游活动中的参与水平。与临安市上坪村具有相似条件的社区均可以考虑发展CBET。但是要发展CBET并确保其成功，除了APPA的运用外，当地政府或者NGO在社区开展CBET初期应该提供一定帮助，以帮助社区旅游组织逐步实现自立。
Eco-tourism developed rapidly since 1990s that resulted in the special focus on eco-tourism research. Certain theories have been identified from many researches, but programming and management of the eco-tourism still needed to be emphasized so as to fulfill the object of sustainable development.
Therefore, this research focuses on 4 aspects as follows: 1) Analyzing current status and potential prospects of eco-tourism development of Lin'an 2) GIS application in identifying the potential Eco-tourism units for Lin'an; 3) A case study on local communities involvement in eco-tourism development in Baisha and Shangping villages; 4) Design for CBET development in Shangping village. Data were collected and proceeded by conducting the methods of PRA, APPA(Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action) and GIS technique. Questionnaire, semi-structure interview and group meeting were adopted to collect information from tourists, tour operators, tour guides, villages and expert.
It's revealed that
(1) The major success factors of eco-tourism development in Lin'an are well-protected natural environment, integrated development of Non-timber Forest Products and other ecological industries as well as powerful local political support.
(2) Lack of a long-term and integrated development strategy and insufficient involvement of local communities are two major containing elements of Lin'an eco-tourism development. It causes extremely-rapid exploitation of scenery spots, homogenous eco-tourism sites and service items, harmful competition, land-used conflicts, short of eco-tourism market monitoring system, insufficient compensation for forest resources, deficiency of environmental education to public, interest conflict between stakeholders and so on.
(3) It's proved to be a successful decision to develop eco-tourism in Lin'an after analyzing the spatial pattern of landscape. Then, naturalness was determined as the character of ecotourism attraction in Lin'an. An definition of ecotourism that meet Lin'an and its 6 attributes and criteria were determined respectively. At the
end, with the overlay of the 6 attributes of coverage, 2 types of potential eco-tourism unit coverage were identified.
(4) At present, gradually-advance and span-progress are 2 major eco-tourism development models in Lin'an. These two development models have the common issue on insufficient community involvement that as follows: participation scale; Program involved; Management ability; Awareness and degree of participation; Relation between stakeholders; Information sharing & training opportunities; Participatory type.
(5) It's urgent to change the participatory form and improve the involved level of the local communities in eco-tourism development in Lin'an. The local communities member should create a circumstance to get more involvement by extending involve scale, improving the involve patter, enhancing the personal ability and participatory consciousness. At the same time, local tourism authorities and tour operators should establish forum to let local communities involve.
(6) It's recommend to develop CBET for those communities that own resources as similar as Shangping village's by considering the function of CBET on increasing the participatory level. In order to ensure the success of CBET, at the begging phase, the local government and NGO should give some support to speed the community to self-sufficient. APPA application is another important factor.
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