摘要
中国典籍《论语》不仅在中国影响深远,而且被译成多国文字,在世界范围内产生着重要影响。据统计,到目前为止,《论语》已被译成六十余个外语译本,其中以英语译本数量最多、影响最大。自1691年开始《论语》的英译,到2010年3月林戊荪先生翻译出版的《论语》译本Getting to Know Confucius-A New Translation of The Analects和2010年10月,宋德利先生翻译出版的The Analects of Confucius,《论语》英译已跨越五个世纪,历时三百余年。但是,到目前为止,还少有人对《论语》英译进行历时描述性研究。本文采取定性与定量的研究方法,从译本产生的历史文化语境入手,对《论语》英译进行系统的历时研究,为《论语》英译研究贡献绵薄之力。
通过研究,我们得出以下结论：《论语》英译经历了一个从西方中心主义历史语境向文化多元化历史文化语境嬗变的过程。不同时期、不同身份的译者,出于不同的翻译目的,在《论语》英译时采取的翻译策略大体上经历了从“求同”到“存异”,从“归化”到“异化”的历史进程。早期《论语》英译时处西方中心主义历史文化语境。受西方中心主义思想的影响,西方汉学家英译《论语》时以西方的意识形态指导自己的翻译过程,千方百计归化原文中的中国文化因素,以使自己的译文符合西方的文化规范；这一时期的华人译者英译《论语》时,考虑到“西强中弱”的时代背景,为了使自己的译文符合西方读者的接受习惯,达到传播中华文化之目的,‘也在翻译过程中尽量采取译者走向读者的归化翻译策略。总之,“求同”是这一时期《论语》英译的突出特征。当代《论语》英译时处“文化多元化”历史文化语境。此时,越来越多的西方学者慢慢走出“西方中心论”的泥沼,开始尊重不同文化的差异性并注意学习和吸取他种文化中的优质成分。此时,西方汉学家英译《论语》时能够尊重“异质”的中国文化。具体到翻译实践过程中,他们尽量采取能够保留原文异域文化色彩的异化翻译策略。而当代中国翻译家英译中国典籍的主要目的是向西方传播未经过滤的中国文化,因此,他们在自己的译文中尽力避免以前西方译者译文中经常出现的有意无意误解、曲解中国文化的弊端,尽可能在译文中保留中国的“异质”文化。总之,“存异”是这一时期《论语》英译的突出特征。
本文分为七章。第一章将简单论述本文选题的缘起、本文选题的意义、研究方法以及本文的研究内容。第二章首先将简单介绍孔子和中国典籍《论语》,然后将梳理《论语》英译的历史及译本介绍,最后将回顾国内外《论语》英译研究情况。第三章将阐述本研究的理论工具,即翻译操纵理论、翻译目的论和描述翻译学。第四章将讨论“西方中心主义”历史文化语境下《论语》英译。首先将对西方中心主义历史文化语境中的《论语》英译作一概括,然后选出马歇曼、威妥玛、辜鸿铭、翟林奈、林语堂等人的《论语》英译本为研究对象,分析他们翻译过程中的“求同”倾向。第五章将论述“文化多元化”历史文化语境下《论语》英译。首先将对“文化多元化”历史文化语境下《论语》英译作一概括,然后选出庞德、黄继忠、安乐哲和罗思文、森舸澜、林戊荪等人的《论语》英译本为研究对象,分析他们翻译过程中的“存异”倾向。第六章将在前面几章研究的基础上,总结出《论语》英译的总体特征和发展趋势：从“求同”到“存异”。第七章首先将总结本研究的内容与创新发展之处,然后分析自身存在的不足与研究可拓展的空间,并进一步展望21是世纪中国典籍外译将会呈文化“和而不同”的态势。
Lunyu, a masterpiece of the Chinese classics, is not only popular in China, but also influential in the world through translation. It is calculated that up to now there are foreign language versions of Lunyu of more than60kinds, among which the English version of Lunyu is the most influential. From1691, when Lunyu was first translated into English, to2010, when Lin Wusun translated and published Getting to know Confucius—A New Translation of The Analects, and Mr. Song Deli translated and published The Analects of Confucius, many translators of different countries produced different English versions of Lunyu with various features. However, up to now, there is rarely a systematic and diachronic study of the English translations of Lunyu. This paper, starting from historical and cultural background and applying descriptive translation studies, tries to make a systematic and diachronic study of the English translations of Lunyu.
The study shows that the English translations of Lunyu varies with different historical contexts and underwent a development from domestication to foreignization, which also represents the development tendency of rendering our Chinese classics into the English world. The English translations of Lunyu mainly took place in two different historical and cultural contexts:"the West Centrism" context and "Multiculturalism" context. In "the West Centrism" context, western sinologists tried to domesticate the Chinese culture in the original to make their versions conforming to western cultural norms; the Chinese translators of Lunyu also took the translation strategy of domestication so that their versions can meet the reception habit of the English readers, thus spreading the Chinese culture in the English world. To sum up, domestication is the general feature of the English translations of Lunyu in this period.
In "Multiculturalism" context, more and more western scholars went gradually out of "the West Centrism" and began to respect foreign cultures. They began to learn the good ingredients in foreign cultures. At this time, western sinologists could respect "foreign" Chinese culture in their English translations of Lunyu and mainly adopted foreignization translation strategy which can keep the foreignness of the Chinese culture. The Chinese translators, whose main purpose of translating the Chinese classics is spreading the Chinese culture into the world, tried their best to convey real Chinese culture to the English readers. They also mainly took the translation strategy of foreignization to maintain the foreign Chinese culture in the version. In sum,"foreignization" is the striking characteristic of the English translations of Lunyu in the time.
This dissertation includes seven parts. Chapter one introduces briefly the origin, significance, content and research method of this dissertation. Chapter two firstly makes a brief introduction of Lunyu and Confucius, then describes in details the history of English translations of Lunyu and reviews the researches of the English translations of Lunyu both at home and abroad, and finally points out the content and research method of this dissertation. The third chapter discusses the theoretical tools of this dissertation, i.e. descriptive translation studies, manipulation theory and skopostheorie. The fourth chapter analyzes the English translations of Lunyu in "the West Centrism" context through the case study of the English version of Lunyu by Joshua Marshman, Thomas Francis Wade, Ku Hungming, Lin Yutang and Lionel Giles, highlighting their domesticating tendency in translation. Chapter five discusses the English translations of Lunyu in "Multiculturalism" context through the case study of the English version of Lunyu Ezra Pound, Huang Jizhong, Roger T. Ames&Henry Rosemont.Jr., Edward Slingerland and Lin Wusun, focusing on their foreignizing tendency in translation. The sixth chapter summarizes the general feature shown in the history of the English translations of Lunyu:development from domestication to foreignization. The seventh chapter concludes the content of this dissertation, points out its limitations, innovations, and its further studies, and envisions the translation of the Chinese classics into English in21st century.
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