摘要
侵彻问题研究对武器装备的研制和改进具有重要意义,其研究成果还可应用于相关民用领域。侵彻问题是一个十分复杂的力学问题,复杂的材料动态响应和弹靶结构响应在极短的时间内完成,诸多不确定性因素和复杂的弹目交会条件同时影响着侵彻过程。对侵彻问题的研究,传统试验方法往往停留在观测侵彻后的毁伤效果为主,理论分析方法则需要大量假设来简化侵彻问题,这便使得这两类方法在适用性上受到限制,对侵彻的中间细节认识不够。随着计算技术的发展,数值模拟方法已经发展成为侵彻防护设计分析领域又一重要研究手段,与试验研究和理论分析方法并重,数值模拟可以获取侵彻过程各种数据,但是数值模拟需要比较准确的材料动态本构模型和边界条件,侵彻过程三维数值模拟的效率较低。基于数值模拟研究侵彻问题还处于起步阶段,在侵彻相关的材料动态本构和弹体侵彻载荷边界条件等关键参量的获取,以及关键参量在侵彻中作用规律等方面还有许多需要改进和解决的问题,还存在一些瓶颈性的技术问题和难点。
本文针对侵彻问题中的关键参量开展了系统的研究,力求在侵彻关键参量的获取及其侵彻影响规律方面做出一些卓有成效的尝试和探索。侵彻关键参量获取方面的工作是构建了两类计算反求技术,基于动态响应实现了快速获取材料动态特性参量的计算反求,基于结构选择技术实现了侵彻载荷参量的计算反求,这部分工作是整篇论文的基础；在侵彻关键参量影响规律分析方面,基于反求获取的关键参量建立高精度、高效率的数值计算模型,分析了材料特性参量和不确定性弹目交会条件下的影响规律。基于此思路,本文开展和完成了以下研究工作：
(1)针对侵彻条件下材料动态特性参量难以获取的问题,给出了基于动态响应反求材料动态特性参量的方法,并结合传统方法难以测量的典型材料一陶瓷脆性材料,给出了两种加载条件下的反求方法,为确定传统实验难以直接获取的材料参数提供了一种解决途径。基于SHPB一维应力模型,提出了一种利用反射波和透射波响应确定陶瓷脆性材料动态本构参数的计算反求方法。该方法采用哑铃形试件消除了应力集中,同时避免了哑铃形试件变截面不满足一维应力波分析的问题,以及应力波效应与应变率效应不能解耦的问题,该计算反求方法能利用少数几次物理实验,快速获取脆性材料的动态本构参数。提出了一种利用平板撞击的瞬态速度剖面响应来获取陶瓷脆性材料动态本构损伤参数的计算反求方法。基于平板撞击中应力波在飞片、样品和窗口材料中传播的数值模拟,建立了样品/窗口界面瞬态速度剖面响应与材料参数之间的映射关系,利用测量的速度剖面响应实现了脆性材料本构损伤参数的反求。这种方法为快速获得高应变率下本构参数提供了一种解决途径。
(2)构建了一种基于结构选择技术的侵彻载荷参量反求技术。通过实验侵彻深度数据验证了数值模拟模型,利用高速刚性弹侵彻半无限靶数值模拟的结果,获取弹体头部侵彻压力数据,通过结构选择技术反求了侵彻载荷函数,辨识侵彻载荷特性的决定性因素。利用该方法反求的侵彻载荷函数形式简洁,并以此推导的侵彻深度公式能很好地对侵彻深度和弹体加速度进行预测。最后经过三个系列的实验数据和模型验证了该反求技术能方便准确地确定侵彻载荷函数。
(3)利用反求的侵彻载荷函数代替弹靶接触力,构建了一种侵彻数值模拟的快速计算算法。将侵彻载荷函数作为载荷边界条件嵌入到弹体有限元模型中,避免了靶体网格的划分和复杂的弹靶接触计算,极大地简化了计算模型,减少了内存需求和求解时间。该算法能实现侵彻深度和弹体加速度的快速求解,同时该模型还能考虑弹体屈服强度,预测弹体塑性变形的最小侵彻速度,并与实验结果吻合很好。
(4)通过一系列数值模拟,研究了陶瓷复合装甲中陶瓷材料参数、弹体材料和侵彻条件对侵彻特性的影响。得到了侵彻过程中陶瓷材料参数对侵深影响的重要性排序规律,其中完全损伤材料强度对侵深影响显著,碎胀系数和损伤参数因素可忽略；得到了弹体强度在复合装甲侵彻过程的作用机理：弹体强度一方面能为保持弹体形态和弹体动能提供有利条件,另一方将导致弹体头部墩粗,侵彻载荷增大,不利于弹体侵彻；得到了侵彻速度和攻角对侵彻复合装甲前置偏转板的作用机理,带攻角斜侵彻过程的能量损耗机理,以及侵彻过程中弹体的加速度大小、速度方向以及整体弯曲的变化规律。
(5)基于侵彻载荷函数代替弹靶接触力的快速数值计算算法,分析了五种定深控制技术在不确定侵彻条件下深度控制波动区间,给出了其控制精度的排序规律,并分析了影响控制精度的主要因素。分析了五种定深控制技术在攻角不确定条件下的侵彻可行区间,得出了在攻角不确定条件下定轴垂直位移方式和定轴向位移方式均有很高控制精度的结论,定轴向位移定深控制技术是一种相对易实现的高精度定深控制技术。
The study of penetration problems is important for the development and improvement of weapons, and is useful for some relevant civil industries. Penetration is a very complex mechanical process, where material responses and structure responses of the projectile and target complete in a very short time. Also, it involves many uncertain factors and complicated projectile-target meeting conditions. For the penetration study, conventional experimental method mainly focuses on the observation of damage effects, and analytical method requires a number of simplifications. Both two methods can't give enough details of the penetration process, so they are limited in actual applications. With the development of computational technology, numerical simulation has become an alternative approach for penetration study, which is as important as the experimental and analytical methods. Numerical simulation can obtain many kinds of data, but it requires accurate material constitutive model and boundary conditions. Furthermore, numerical simulation of penetration, especially3D simulation, is still very computationally expensive. Using numerical simulation for penetration study has just begun. There are still many problems required to solve, such as the obtainment of parameters in material constitutive models and load boundary conditions, the effect rules of some key parameters in penetration and so on.
In this paper, we systematically studied the key parameters in penetration problems and tried to develop some effective methods for obtaining key parameters and the effect rules of them in penetration process. In the aspect of obtaining key parameters, two kinds of inverse technology are constructed. In these two inverse technologies, material dynamic properties and penetration load parameters are inversely obtained based on dynamic responses and structure-selection technique, respectively. This part of work forms the basis of the whole paper. In the aspect of effect rules of key parameters, numerical models of high accuracy and efficiency are established by using some key parameters inversely obtained, and effect rules of material properties and uncertain projectile-target meeting conditions are analyzed. The main work of the paper is given as follows:
(1) Inverse technologies based on dynamic responses are proposed to overcome the difficulties in obtaining parameters of dynamic material properties. Two inverse technologies using different loading conditions are presented for identifying parameters of ceramic material, which are difficult to get by traditional methods. The methods provide a new approach to determine material parameters which are difficult for conventional experiments. With the one-dimensional stress model of SHPB, an inverse technology using reflecting and transmission wave is presented to identify the parameters in constitutive model of ceramic. This technology eliminates stress concentration since dumbbell-shaped specimens are used. It also avoids the problem of the dissatisfaction of1D stress wave theory induced by the variational sections of dumbbell-shaped specimen and the problem of the coupling of stress wave effect and strain rate effect. The technology can determine the constitutive model parameters of brittle materials rapidly by using a few experimental data. With the one-dimensional strain model of plate impact, an inverse technology using velocity histories at the sample-window interface in plate impact experiments is presented to identify the damage parameters. In this technology, the mapping between the transient velocity profile at the sample-window interface and material parameters are firstly established based on the simulation of the stress propagation in flyer, sample and window materials, and the damage parameters are then identified by using the velocity profile responses. The technology provides an alternative approach to quickly determine parameters of constitutive model under high strain rate.
(2) An inverse technology based on the structure-selection technique is proposed to identify penetration force. In this technology, numerical simulation model is firstly established and validated by experimental data of penetration depth. Pressure data on the projectile nose are then sampled from numerical simulation results of a high-velocity projectile penetrating into a semi-infinite target. Then, using structure-selection technique, the penetration force function is inversely obtained, and crucial factors affecting characteristics of the penetration force are identified. The obtained penetration force function is very simple in form. Based on the penetration force function, a penetration depth formula, which can predict penetration depths and decelerations of the projectile accurately, is deduced. Finally, three series of experiments and models are used to validate the presented inverse technology, which shows it can determine penetration force function conveniently and accurately.
(3) Using the penetration force function to replace the contact forces between the projectile and target, a rapid computational method for penetration simulation is presented. In the method, the penetration force function is embedded in the finite element model of the projectile as loading conditions. This avoids the meshing of the target and complicated contact calculation, so the computation model simplifies significantly and computational memories and time are reduced. The method can predict penetration depths and decelerations of the projectile quickly. Also, it can include the effects of the yield strength of the projectile and predict the critical impact velocity resulting in plastic deformations of the projectile. The results by the presented method show good agreement with experimental results.
(4) The effects of material parameters of ceramic and projectile as well as conllision conditions on penetration characteristics of ceramic/metal composite armor are studied through a series of numerical simulation. The importance of effects of material parameters of ceramic on penetration depths is analyzed. It is found the damaged material strength shows very important effect, while the bulking factor and damage parameter are negligible. The mechanism for effects of projectile strength on the penetration of composite armor is also analyzed. On the one hand, the projectile strength helps to maintain the projectile shape and kinetic energy. On the other hand, it may result in the upset of the projectile nose and increase of penetration resistance. Additionally, we obtained the mechanism of action of the impact velocity and the angle of obliquity to the fore deflection plate, the energy dissipation mechanism of the penetration with attack angle and the variation rules of the acceleration magnitude, the change of velocity direction and the global bending in the penetration process.
(5) With the rapid computational method which uses the penetration force function to replace the contact forces between the projectile and target, the depth ranges of five constant-depth control technologies under uncertain collision conditions are analyzed, and the accuracy order of them is given. The main factors affecting the control accuracy are also analyzed. The feasible intervals of penetration with uncertain attack angles for the five control technologies are obtained. It is found the constant-vertical-displacement method and the constant-axial-displacement method show very high accuracies. Among the five control technologies, the constant-axial-displacement method is preferable since it is simple in implementation and accurate.
引文
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