摘要
航空伽玛能谱测量是将航空γ能谱仪安装在飞机上探测陆地介质放出的γ射线，进而确定地表介质中U、Th、K的含量。航空γ能谱测量技术是放射性矿产勘查、地质填图、辐射环境调查和核应急等领域的主要支撑技术。航空伽玛能谱稳谱的实现是提高航空伽玛能谱系统的稳定性和航空伽玛能谱测量数据的质量的重要保证。论文选题来源于“十一五”863计划重大项目课题“航空伽玛能谱勘查系统研发”（课题编号：2006AA06A207）和国家自然科学基金项目“核地球物理学天然伽玛辐射场研究”（基金编号：40774063）。论文以航空伽玛能谱勘查系统的谱漂为研究对象，在分析航空伽玛能谱测量过程中谱漂产生原因的基础上，通过理论研究、物理实验、数值模拟和生产试验，论文设计并实现了新的硬软件相结合的PID自动稳谱技术。论文成果具有重大的实用价值和科学意义。
论文对国内外航空伽玛能谱测量技术和伽玛能谱稳谱方法技术进行了广泛调研、分析与总结。在此基础上开展了航空伽玛能谱稳谱技术研究，研究内容涉及：，1）较深入地探讨了航空伽玛能谱仪仪器谱的形成机理和仪器谱谱漂产生的原因。以大晶体NaI(Tl)闪烁计数器为伽玛射线探测器，开展伽玛能谱温漂实验和温漂规律研究，为航空伽玛能谱的稳谱提供理论与实验基础；2)将比例-积分-微分（PID）控制调节技术应用于航空伽玛能谱的稳谱，研究PID算法中稳谱参数的整定方法，包括稳谱参数的定义，基于模糊控制的自整定方法，多种PID算法比较等，为航空伽玛能谱测量提供一种新的软硬件结合的稳谱技术；3)开展软件稳谱方法技术研究。其中包含数字平移方法、抽样率转化以及GMM模型的谱线校正方法，为仪器谱的软件稳谱方法提供数学模型；4)开展光滑，降噪、扣本底、谱漂提取等仪器谱数据处理技术研究，为稳谱技术的实现提出高质量的仪器谱；5)开展航空伽玛能谱测量的应用试验，检验稳谱效果。
论文的主要研究成果与创新点如下：
1）在分析航空伽玛射线仪器谱形成的基础上，探讨了仪器谱漂移产生的原因。在航空伽玛能谱测量过程中，航空NaI(Tl)闪烁计数器的温度效应是航空伽玛能谱产生漂移的主要因素；通过室内物理实验表明，航空NaI(Tl)闪烁计数器温度效应可以产生能谱的正向漂移，采用3阶多项函数进行描述，其拟合系数优于0.99。为航空伽玛能谱的稳谱提供理论依据和实验基础。
2)在理论研究和数值模拟的基础上，提出了硬件、软件相结合的模糊自整定PID稳谱技术。建立了采用比例(P)环节和微分(D)环节实现根据谱漂进行判断，产生超前校正；采用积分(I)环节减小航空能谱仪谱漂的负反馈校正方法。根据模糊控制算法，由谱漂以及谱漂的变化率实现对比例系数，积分系数和微分系数的自整定。
3）为有效获取航空伽玛射线仪器谱特征峰净峰面积，提出小波多次迭代扣本底技术。该方法利用小波多分辨率的思想，采用多次迭代的方法实现了对本底的扣除。对模拟的谱线数据表明：峰的强度(峰高)发生变化的时候，会影响对本底扣除的效果，当高斯峰的强度由20到5的时候，其峰面积的变化与实际峰面积的变化相比均小于5%；当峰固定为20的时候，外加噪声从1倍单位噪声（从0到1的高斯分布的随机噪声）到4倍噪声的时候，理论本底与估计本底的偏差低于5%，该方法在扣除本底的过程中，不会在谱线数据中出现无物理意义的负数。
4)提出了基于信号处理的稳谱方法，实现对已采集仪器谱的自稳谱。分别采用数字平移，抽样率转换与小高斯函数拟合的方式，实现了谱线的校正。当航空能谱仪处于256道分辨率，谱漂为11道的条件下，经过校正后的谱线的K峰(1.46MeV)和Th峰（2.62MeV）的能量特征峰的变化在±1道范围内；与在同一条件下测量的标准谱线(未发生谱漂的谱线)比较，其K道，Th道和总道的峰面积的相对偏差均优于5%。
5) PID稳谱技术已应用于AGS-863航空伽玛能谱仪。经静态试验和动态试验结果表明，经过29秒可以使40K-1.46MeV的能量特征峰稳定在±1道(256道)；人工使谱线漂移16道之后，航空能谱系统能在180秒以内稳定在±2道(1024道)，在240秒之内稳定在±1道(1024道)。AGS-863航空伽玛能谱仪在内蒙某试验区开展了20000测线公里的试生产性飞行，获得了高质量的航空伽玛能谱数据，成功地圈定了试验区的地层。
Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry survey is to detect the radiation from terrenewhich the airborne gamma-ray spectrometry is fixed on airplane. Furthermore, we candetermine the U, Th and K contents of the terrene from the count of those energywindows. Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry survey is main supportive technologiesforradioactive mineral exploration, geological mapping, environment radiationevaluation and nucleus emergency. The paper comes from "the eleventh five-yearplan"–the research and development on Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry surveysupported by National863Program of China（Project Number:2006AA06A207）andNational Natural Science Foundation of China “The research on Natural gamma rayfield in the nuclear geophysics”（Project Number:40774063）. This article takesspectral drift of airborne gamma spectroscopy system as the research object，systematically analyzed the reason of spectrum drift about the detector with the largeSodium iodide crystal. The experiment about law between drift and temperature iscarred out. The result of experiment provide the experimental basis and experimentalbasis to stabilize the airborne gamma-ray spectrometry system.A new method of fuzzyself-tuning PID stabilizer, combined with the software and hardware, is established.The achievement about the research can improve the stability and quality of theairborne gamma-ray spectrometry system which have high practical value andscientific significance.
It is carried out the research and investigation about the airborne gamma-rayspectrometry technology and gamma spectroscopy spectrum stabilization methods athome and abroad. The paper introduces the research.
1)The mechanism of the airborne gamma energy spectrum instrument spectrumis probed. And the reason of the spectrum drift is revealed. The experiment is carriedout about the gamma spectroscopy drift experiments and temperature drift law. Thisexperiment takes the gamma-ray detector with crystal NaI (Tl) scintillation asexperimental object.Theexperimental result provide theoretical and experimental basisfor for airborne gamma spectroscopy spectrum stabilization.
2)The PID control algorithm is taked to stabilize the airborne gamma-rayspectrometry system.The paper introduces the definition of stable spectral parameters,the fuzzy control tuning method, and avariety of control algorithm. So the newlystabilization system for airborne gamma ray spectroscopy is set up which is combinedwith the hardware and software.
3)The method to stabilize the spectral are developed by the software. It containsthe digital shift method, sample rate conversion and the GMM model for correctingthe spectrum. These methods provide a mathematical model to correct the spectrum.
4) The research about how to smooth the data,reduce the noise, deduct thebackground and extract the drift of the spectrum. Research findings provide thetechnology to achieve high-quality instrument spectrum.
5)The stabilization system is applied into the airborne gamma-ray spectrometryto check up the effect.
In the paper, the author gets the result such as:
1)Based on the analysis of airborne gamma-ray instrument spectrum formed toexplore the causes of the instrument spectral drift. Temperature effect is in the processof airborne gamma-ray spectrometry, aviation NaI (Tl) scintillation counter theairborne gamma spectroscopy drift factors; by indoor physical experiments show that,aviation NaI (Tl) scintillation counter temperature effect can be generated canspectrum positive shift3-order polynomial function to describe, the fittingcoefficients better than0.99. Theexperimental result provide theoretical andexperimental basis for for airborne gamma spectroscopy spectrum stabilization.
2) Based on the heoretical study and numerical simulation, the fuzzy self-tuningPID spectrum stabilization technology is proposed which is combined about thehardware and software. According the spectrum drift, the proporional element and theintegral element will bring the phase-lead quantity. And the differentiation element isused to diminish the steady-state error in the system.According the fuzzy controlalgorithm, the stabilization system can obtain proper coefficient by the spectrum driftand the variance ratio of the spectrum drift.
3)Effective for airborne gamma-ray instrument spectral peaks net peak area, putforward the wavelet multiple iterations buckle the background technology. Themethod uses the idea of wavelet multi-resolution, multiple iterations to achieve thededuction on the bottom. For simulated spectral data showed that: the peak intensity(peak height) when a change occurs, the impact on the bottom net of the effect, whenthe Gaussian peak intensity from time20to5, the variation of the peak area and theactual peak area changes compared to less than5%; when peak20fixed time, plus thenoise from the unit noise (from0to1, Gaussian distributed random noise) to1times4times the noise when the theory with the estimated bottom end of the present thedeviation is less than5%, the method does not appears in the spectral data in thebottom of the net of the present process, no physical meaning of the negative.
4)The spectrum stabilization method based on signal processing is proposed torelease self-stabilization. Three methods are proposed to correct the spectrum. Thereare digital translations, sampling rate conversion and gauss function fitting. Afterdeducting the linear background, the peak location obtains by gaussian function fittingto get peak location. The result show that the diversification of the peak location isless than1channel;compared with the cross reference, the absolute value of therelative deviation of the peak area is less than5%.
5)The fuzzy self-tuning PID stabilizer is used in airborne gamma spectroscopysystem. The result in the laboratory tests show that airborne gamma spectrometer canstabilize in±1channel（channel256） for the characteristic peak of40K-1.46MeVwhen the system started at29seconds. When the spectrum is adjusted to deviate thestandard, the system will stabize between±2channels（channel1024）for thecharacteristic peak of40K-1.46MeV in the180seconds and between±1channels（channel1024）in240seconds. Vehicle experiment and field test data show that,under the condition of complex dynamic, the movement of the characteristic peakposition of40K-1.46MeV is between±1channel（channel256）.AGS-863Airbornegamma spectrometer carry out trial production of20,000line km flight in a pilot areain Inner Mongolia. The result shows that the method to stabilize the spectroscopy isEffective to stabilize the system and elineation of the strata of the test area.
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