摘要
权力刻板印象是人们关于高、低权力个体或群体的属性或特征的概括而固定的看法。本研究旨在探讨权力刻板印象的存在性以及稳定性,并在此基础上分别探讨知觉者的自我卷入以及启动任务对其的影响,以期丰富刻板印象和权力心理研究的内容,为和谐社会发展的政策制定提供理论依据。
研究一采用外显报告法(实验1)和GNAT法(实验2)从外显层面和内隐层面验证权力刻板印象的存在性。结果发现,被试在外显测量中对高权力目标对象能力的评分显著高于对低权力目标对象的评分,而对高权力目标对象热情和亲和的评分显著低于对低权力目标对象的评分；在内隐测量中,被试在“高权力概念+高权力属性,,和“低权力概念+低权力属性”任务条件下的d'均显著高于另外两种任务条件下的d'。
研究二通过经验启动操纵权力,从外显层面(实验3)和内隐层面(实验4)探讨被试在权力发生变化时权力刻板印象的稳定性。在外显测量中,高权力目标对象和低权力目标对象在能力、才能、热情和亲和上的得分均存在显著的差异；权力特质和权力启动共同影响被试对目标对象能力和才能的评分,低权力启动条件下,低权力特质被试对低权力目标对象能力和才能的评分要显著高于高权力特质被试的评分。在内隐测量中,不同任务条件下d'的差异显著；“低权力概念+低权力属性”任务条件下的d'存在被试权力特质和权力启动差异,低权力特质被试d'显著高于高权力特质被试d',低权力启功组d'显著低于控制组和高权力启动组d'。
研究三则通过情境启动被试不同的自我卷入状态,从外显(实验5)和内隐(实验6)层面探讨自我卷入对权力刻板印象的影响。在外显测量中,不论在高自我卷入还是低自我卷入情境下,被试对高、低权力目标对象的能力和热情评分均差异显著；被试性别和情境启动共同影响亲和的评分,男性被试在高自我卷入情境下对低权力目标对象亲和的评分显著高于低自我卷入情境时的评分,而在高自我卷入情境下对高权力目标对象亲和的评分显著低于低自我卷入情境时的评分。在内隐测量中,“低权力概念+低权力属性”任务条件下d'值存在自我卷入和社会威胁的差异,低自我卷入时d'显著小于高自我卷入时d',低威胁组d'小于高威胁组和控制组d'。自我卷入和社会威胁这两个情境因素共同影响“高权力概念+高权力属性”条件下d',在低威胁条件下,高、低自我卷入者d'差异不显著,而高威胁条件下,低自我卷入条件被试d'显著大于高自我卷入条件下d'。
研究四(实验7)通过内隐和外显相分离的启动范式,探讨启动任务对权力刻板印象的影响。被试对权力刻板信息刺激判断时存在显著的启动任务和启动刺激词方位效应,内隐启动的反应时显著小于外显启动的反应时,对正位刺激词的反应时要显著小于对倒位和反位刺激词的反应时；不管是内隐启动任务中,还是外显启动任务中,被试对不同方位启动刺激词判断的反应时均存在差异。
结果表明,第一,权力刻板印象在外显层面和内隐层面都是存在的,呈现出外显和内隐的一致性,并具有混合性的基本特征；人们普遍将高权力者视为高能力、低热情,而将低权力者视为低能力、高热情。第二,权力刻板印象在总体上是相对稳定的,但在一定条件下会受知觉者权力改变的影响,并呈现出外显和内隐的分离：在外显层面,低权力特质的被试在降低权力时,对低权力目标对象“低能力”的刻板印象和对高权力目标对象“低热情”的刻板印象均随之减弱；在内隐层面,低权力特质被试比高权力特质被试对低权力者有更强的刻板印象；无论高或低权力特质的被试,在降低其权力时,对低权力者的刻板印象会随之减弱。第三,权力刻板印象受到知觉者在不同情境背景下自我卷入程度的影响。在外显测量中,自我卷入对权力刻板印象的影响集中体现在“亲和”方面,这种影响呈现出性别差异,男性被试在高自我卷入条件下显示出更强的“低权力者——高亲和”、“高权力者——低亲和”的刻板印象；在内隐测量中,自我卷入和社会威胁两个情境因素共同影响高权力者刻板印象、分别影响低权力者刻板印象。第四,权力刻板印象受到任务背景的影响。知觉者对权力刻板信息的判断存在启动任务效应和启动刺激词方位效应,并受启动任务和启动刺激词方位两种因素的共同影响。
"Power stereotype" is the generalized and fixed ideas on the attributes of individual/group of high-power and low-power. The study concern the existence and stability of power stereotypes, and also concern the influences of self involvement and priming task on power stereotypes.We hope this study can not only enriches the content of stereotype research and the power of psychological research, but also provides the theory basis for the development of harmonious society policy.
In Study1, the existence of power stereotypes was observed from an explicit level and an implicit level by the methods of explicit report method (Experiment1) and GNAT (Experiment2). It showed that the high-power objects'score of competence were significantly higher than that of low-power objects, while the low-power objects'scores of warmth and friendliness were significantly higher than the high-power objects in the explicit measurement; The d'of the task of "high-power concept, high-power attributes" and "low-power concept, low-power attributes" were significantly higher than those of the other two tasks in the implicit measurement.
Study2investigated the stability of power stereotype from the explicit level and implicit level, which manipulate power by experiential prime. The explicit measurement showed there was significant main effect of the power of targets on competence, talent, warmth and friendliness,and there was significant interaction effect between power traits and power priming, with the low-power trait participants'score of competence and talent of low-power objects were significantly higher than high-power trait participants under the low-power priming; The implicit measurement showed that there was significant task main effect on d';At the same time, there was significant power traits main effect and power priming main effect on d'under the task of "low-power concept, low-power attributes", with the d'of low-power trait participants were significantly higher than the d'of high-power trait participants, the d'of the participants with low-power priming were significantly lower than the d'of the control group and the participants with high-power priming.
Study3let the participants in different self-involvement by episodic priming, then explored whether the self-involvement influence power stereotype at the explicit level (Experiment5) and implicit level (Experiment6).The explicit measurement showed a significant episodic priming main effect on competence and warmth, with the significant differences between the high-power objects'scores and the low-power objects'scores in high and low self-involvement. And it also showed a significant interaction effect between gender and episodic priming on friendliness, with the male's scores of low-power objects under the high self-involvement were significantly higher than that of low self-involvement; The implicit measurement showed significant self-involvement and social threat main effects on the d; under the task of "low-power concept, low-power attributes", with the d'of participants with low self-involvement were lower than the participants with high self-involvement, the d'of participants with low social threat were lower than the participants with high social threat and the control group. There was a significant interaction effect between self-involvement and social threat on the d'under the task of "high-power concept, high-power attributes", with no differences between the d'of participants with high self-involvement and the d'of participants with low self-involvement under low social threat, and with the d'of participants with low self-involvement were significantly higher than the d'of participants with high self-involvement under high social threat.
Study4(Experiment7) explored the effect of priming tasks on the perceivers'power stereotype by implicit and explicit task separation paradigm. It showed a significant priming task main effect and a direction of priming stimulus main effect on the reaction of stereotyped information, with reaction time of implicit priming was significantly less than the reaction time of explicit priming, reaction time of straight stimulus was significantly less than reaction time of inverse and reverse stimulus; And there was a significant interaction effect between priming task and direction of priming word, with reaction times differences of different direction of priming stimulus in both explicit and implicit priming.
The results indicate:
The first, Power stereotype exists at the implicit level and explicit level, which shows the congruence of implicit and explicit power stereotype, and shows the basic characteristics of mixed stereotype; The high-power people is often perceived high in competence, low in warmth, and the low-power people is often perceived low in competence, high in warmth.
Second, Power stereotype is relatively stable in general. It is influenced by the perceivers'power changing under given conditions, which shows the discrepancies between explicit and implicit level. At the explicit level, the low-power trait participants'"low-competence" stereotype of low-power objects and "low-warmth" stereotype of high-power objects all weakened when reduce their level of power. At the implicit level, the participants of low-power trait have stronger stereotypes of low-power people than participants of high-power trait; All participants'stereotypes of low-power people weakened when reducing their power. Third, power stereotype is influenced by the perceivers' context. At the explicit. level, there are gender differences in the influences of self-involvement on power stereotypes, only male participants show stronger stereotypes of "low-power people, high-friendliness" and "high-power people, low-friendliness" when priming with high self-involvement situation. At the implicit level, there are common effects of self-involvement and social threat on the stereotypes of high-power people, and respective effects on the stereotypes of low-power people.
Fourth, Power stereotype is influenced by the priming task of experiment. For the judgment of power stereotypic stimulus, there is advantage effect of priming task and direction of priming stimulus. And the judgment is influenced by the two factors.
引文
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