摘要
本文采用理论分析、数值仿真和实验研究相结合的方法,根据含能破片作用机理及其毁伤目标效应的不同,将含能破片分为了爆炸型和燃烧型两种类型分别进行了研究,重点围绕含能破片受冲击加载后的动态响应行为、释能响应时间、反应物到生成物的转换过程、放热温度及其对易燃易爆类典型目标的毁伤效应进行了研究。
全文开展的主要工作和主要结论如下：
1对爆炸型含能破片冲击起爆过程进行了研究。基于冲击波和炸药起爆动力学理论,通过理论分析和数值模拟得到了破片内炸药的压力、能量随冲击速度、壳体材料、直径等参数变化关系,为定量研究含能破片的冲击起爆行为提供了理论模型；结合实验研究以及国内外学者研究成果新建立了考虑靶板、破片壳体、炸药材料、头部厚度、长径比和头部形状等影响因素的冲击起爆临界速度经验公式,并验证了其有效性。研究结果显示,增大破片的长径比、提高破片壳体材料阻抗以及降低破片壳体头部厚度均可降低爆炸型含能破片临界起爆速度。
2对爆炸型含能破片冲击薄靶目标的释能毁伤时间进行了研究。基于冲击波传播理论、炸药冲击起爆响应时间、反应速率模型以及流阻运动模式理论提出了含能破片侵彻薄靶板过程中侵彻历程与释能时间的理论计算模型,并对影响爆炸型含能破片释能时间的几个关键因素进行了分析,根据理论和数值模拟结果给出了含能破片应对不同目标靶板时实现靶后反应的释能时间的控制方法。
3对爆炸型含能破片对屏蔽炸药的毁伤效应进行了研究,并与普通惰性破片进行了对比。研究了破片头部形状、直径以及材料等因素对冲击引爆屏蔽炸药过程的影响结果,利用有限元软件对爆炸型含能破片冲击引爆屏蔽炸药过程进行了仿真研究、阐明了其毁伤作用机理。进行了爆炸型含能破片冲击引爆屏蔽炸药实验研究,验证了理论分析和数值模拟所得结论：爆炸型含能破片与同质量惰性破片相比,能够在更低速度下引爆屏蔽炸药,这是由于爆炸型含能破片主要是利用冲击波能量引发含能物质的反应,再由化学反应能与冲击波能量叠加对目标进行毁伤,其能量输出方式主要为化学反应能。
4对燃烧型含能破片材料的冲击压缩特性以及冲击温度进行了研究。基于描述固体物质冷能、冷压的Morse势,利用材料等熵线与绝热冲击压缩线二阶相切特性对已有的疏松混合材料冲击压缩曲线计算方法进行了改进和简化,并通过计算及与实验结果的对比验证了此模型的合理性。在此基础上结合密实材料的冲击温度曲线,利用等容外推法推导出了燃烧型含能破片材料冲击温度计算模型,并与已有计算模型以及实验结果进行了对比分析,结果显示本模型较其它模型能更好的描述疏松材料的冲击温度,误差在8%以内。进一步对疏松材料冲击温度的影响因素进行分析发现,电子比容系数、多孔度是影响疏松材料冲击温度的主要因素。
5对燃烧型含能破片冲击诱发化学反应过程及其对油箱的毁伤效应进行了研究。在Arrhenius反应率模型的基础上加入了压力控制因子,得到了同时受时间、体系温度以及冲击压力控制的完整的反应率模型；并在此基础上结合初始反应物和最终生成物冲击压缩方程,通过等压法推导出了包含反应率、反应物、生成物物态方程以及反应能量的多功能含能结构材料(MESMs)材料冲击压缩模型。本模型综合考虑了反应物到生成物各物理参量的转变过程以及受时间、体系温度、冲击压力控制的化学反应率,是描述MESMs材料冲击诱发化学反应过程新的SICR理论计算模型。基于此模型的计算结果与已有实验测量曲线吻合较好,说明本模型可较好的展现MESMs材料冲击诱发化学反应整个过程中材料的动态响应行为及其化学反应进程。计算结果显示,压力、疏松度以及化学反应速率对反应的进行和反应的温度有很大影响,并且以上各影响因素之间亦是互相关联和制约的；进行了油箱类目标的冲击毁伤实验研究,比较了燃烧型含能破片和普通惰性破片毁伤效应的区别。定量的描述了毁伤不同的主要原因,并定性的给出了达到燃点未引燃或引燃后熄灭的可能原因以及战斗部优化设计方法。
In this dissertation, the explosive energetic fragment and combustion energetic fragment were studied accounting for the different damage mechanism and terminal effect, by using the analytical model, numerical simulation and experimental research. The dynamic response of energetic fragment under the shock loading, the time of reactive release, the transformation process between the react and product, the temperature of reactive release and the damage effort of the representative target were studied emphatically.
1. The process of shock initiation of the explosive energetic fragment was studied. Based on the theory of shock wave and the dynamic of shock initiation in Solid Heterogonous Explosives, the P-v, E-v, E-d, etal curve of the explosive in fragment were obtained, by using the analytical model and numerical simulation. It provides a theoretical basis for quantitative researched the shock initiation behavior of energetic fragment. By combining the experimental research, the empirical formula of the critical velocity of explosive energetic fragment shock initiation was established. The new empirical formula considers the material of target, explosive, the head thickness of fragment, the ratio of length to diameter, the diameter of fragment and other parameters. The research results show that the ratio of length to diameter of fragment and shell material affect the initiation threshold velocity. While designing the explosive energetic fragment, it is beneficial to increase the ratio of length to diameter and choose the material with high density and high performance.
2. The reaction release time of explosive energetic fragment impacted thin target was studied. Based on the theory of shock wave propagation, the response time of shock initiation, the model of reaction rate and the pattern of flow resistance movement, the theoretical calculated model of the reaction release time corresponding penetration depth of explosive energetic fragment impacted thin target was proposed for the first time. Several key factors of influence reaction release time was analyzed, by this calculated model. The controlled release time of design method was given for explosive energetic fragment shock to different target according to the research conclusion.
3. The damage effect of explosive energetic fragment was studied. Several key factors including head shape, diameter of fragment which influence shielded explosive shock initiation process were studied. By combing the numerical simulation and experimental research, the physical image that the explosive energetic fragment shock initiation the shielded explosive was shown, and the damage mechanism of explosive energetic fragment was clarified. The different damage mechanism of explosive energetic fragments and inert fragments is found. The damage mechanism of inert fragments is a kinetic energy of impact, but the explosive energetic fragment is an explosive chemical reaction energy. The explosive chemical reaction energy is caused by impacted shock wave.
4. The material of the combustible energetic fragment of shock compression properties and schok temperature was studied. Besed on the MORSE potential function of the solid material of cold energy and cold pressure, the calculated method of porous mixture of shock compression curve was improved and simplified. The calculated and analytic results by the new method presented are more agree with the corresponding experiments results than the existing methods. In addition, the shock temperature of the material of combustible energetic fragment was theoretically analyzed for the Hugoniot adiabat, state parameters and isovolumic extrapolation of solid materials. By combining the calculated cold energy, cold pressure and the Hugoniot equation of solid metal and porous metal, a new method for the shock temperature of porous metal was presented. The influence of several thermal physics parameters includeing the temperature of solid materials, Gruneisen coefficient, electronic Gruneisen coefficient and electronic specific heat coefficient on the calculated the value of new method was discussed. The calculated results according to the new method presented are agree well with the corresponding experiments results. The shock temperature of porous metal can be little influenced by Griineisen coefficient and electronic Gruneisen coefficient, but it can be influenced evidently by material compactness, shock pressure and electronic specific heat coefficient.
5. The SICR model of the combustible energetic fragment and the damage to the diesel oil tank were studied. The pressure controlled factor was considered for the Arrhenius reaction rate model. The new reaction extent is a comprehensive reaction extent model that the influence of reaction time, system temperature and pressure was considered. By combing the shock compression equation react and product, the new shock compression calculation model of MESMs was presented. This model included the reaction extent, the react, product EOS and the reaction energy. From the physical essence, this model considered the transformation of react EOS to product EOS and the new reaction extent, comprehensive. So it can better reflect SICR process, while the calculated results by the new model presented arc more in agreement with the corresponding experiments results than the existing models. In addition, The research results show that the shock temperature of MESMs and the released reaction energy are influenced by pressure, porous and reaction rate, and the foregoing factors are interaction. The damage experiment of the diesel oil tank was also studied. The damage of combustible energetic fragment was compared to the damage of the inert fragment. The main influence paremeters of the different damage were given by quantitative. Further more, the possible influence paremeters of un-ignition and an optimum design method of energetic fragment's warhead was presented.
引文
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