摘要
水不仅是地球的重要的物质组分也是凝聚态炸药的爆轰产物之一,因此它的高温高压物态方程研究受到广泛关注。尽管在冲击加载条件下研究工作取得过一系列重要的进展,但仍存在诸多问题需要解决。主要表现在：(1)在中低压力区(低于50GPa)水的冲击温度测量数据十分稀缺。文献中曾报道过两个数据点,但那是早期的两通道高温计测量结果,其可信度受到普遍质疑。(2)冲击高压下水的比热取值以及其随温度变化特性一直存在争议,不同理论模型(Cv(T))所给出的高温高压物态方程结果相差较大。(3)在冲击高压下水的光学窗口功能还没有被人们比较系统地研究过。事实上,液态光学窗口在解决不透明金属材料的冲击温度测量问题方面具有一定潜力,它被认为是解决疏松金属冲击温度测量问题的最理想光学窗口；(4)在高温高压下水的光学透明性和热导率数据基本是空白,这是液态窗口材料的两个重要特性参量。
由于在金属/固态光学窗口界面处残余气体的冲击发光干扰,以及光学窗口本身的冲击发光效应的影响,金属的冲击测温问题一直是冲击波物理研究领域的一个难点。尽管采用精密抛光技术人们已基本消除了金属/窗口之间间隙气体的冲击发光干扰,但疏松金属样品的体内存在大量孔洞缺陷,人们通过精密抛光手段无法获得比较理想的抛光表面,来自界面的不稳定辐射干扰也就无法消除。正是这个技术瓶颈的存在,疏松金属冲击温度测量问题至今没有解决。
为了解决上述两方面问题,本文进行了一系列实验和理论方面的研究,取得结论如下：
1.利用二级轻气炮加载技术,首次在30-50GPa冲击压力区观测水的光学透明性。结果表明,在低于35GPa冲击加载条件下水在可见光波长范围内仍然保持为光学透明介质,可用作液体光学窗口材料；在35-45GPa冲击压力区,水成为光学半透明介质,作为光学窗口使用时需要考虑水的光学吸收特性。
2.在35-50GPa冲击条件下,首次获得水的冲击温度数据。结合Lyzenga等在50-80GPa之间的冲击温度测量结果,对冲击高压下水的比热容取值和函数关系给出了限定：(1)在低于50GPa压力区,水的比热容Cv应取为7.07R；(2)在50GPa至80GPa高压缩区间,由于热电子或电离效应的影响,水的比热容与冲击温度相关：Cv=(5.76+3.84×10-4TH)R。
3.利用测量金属钽/水的界面温度的办法,对冲击高压下水的热导率取值范围进行了限定。结果表明,水的热导率与冲击压力之间存在线性相关性：K=Kw0+2.98PHW/(m·K)。
4、以液态水为光学窗口测量钽、铜、铁的冲击温度,并首次证明疏松铁体内平均热力学温度值与疏松铁／水界面辐射平衡温度存在关联性。结合金属的三项式物态方程理论和固/液混合相区绝热卸载计算方法,计算获得多孔铁冲击温度和卸载温度。结果表明,对于疏松度不大(α。<1.3)的疏松金属,其冲击温度的测量值与计算结果一致。
As the most important substance in the earth and one of the dominant components of detonation products of CHNO explosives, equation of state of water at high temperature and pressure has been widely studied. A series of significant progress has been achieved under shock loading, but some problems are still not solved:(1) in the low and medium pressures (below50GPa), the experimental data of shock temperature for water are lacked. Only two data points were reported before, and the results may be questioned because of using two channels pyrometer.(2) the values of the specific heat for shocked water and its dependence with temperature were disputed. Very different equations of state of water were given by different Cy(T) models at high temperature and pressure.(3) the optical window properties of shocked water were not been systematically studied before. In fact, liquid optical window had a certain potential in solving the problem of temperature measurement for opaque metals, it was considered to be a good window material for studying the shocked temperature of porous metals.(4) the data of optical transparency and thermal conductivity of shocked water at high pressure and temperature could be hardly found, however, they are two important parameters for a window material.
Due to the influence of the radiation from the residual gas at metal/window interface, as well as the radiation from the shocked optical window itself, the shock temperature measurement of metal is a long-term unsolved tough problem. The former factor has been basically eliminated by polishing the surface of the metal in recent years, but for the porous metals, we would not get an ideal polished surface from porous metals because the pores are the part of them. So the influence of the radiation from the residual gas at the porous metal/window interface could not be eliminated by polishing the surface of the porous metal. Because of this technical bottleneck, the problem of the temperature measurement of the porous metal has not been solved.
In order to solve these problems, a series of experimental and theoretical researches were carried on in present thesis, and the conclusions were as follows:
1. The optical transparency of shocked water were first obtained in the pressure range of30-50GPa by using two stage light gas gun loading technique. The results showed that, the shocked water was still an optically transparent medium in the visible wavelength when shocked below35GPa. In the pressure range of35-45GPa, the shocked water became optically translucent medium. So the optical absorption properties were need to consider when water was used as an optical window in this pressure range.
2. The shock temperature of water in the pressure range of35-50GPa was first obtained. Combined with the shock temperature of water reported by Lyzenga in the pressure range of35-50GPa, the value range of the specific heat and its temperature dependence of shocked water were restricted:(1) below50GPa, the specific heat of shocked water was equal to7.07R.(2) between50GPa and80GPa, the specific heat was related to shocked temperature (Cv=(5.76+3.84×10-4TH)R) because of the influence of the hot electrons and dissociation effect.
3. The range of thermal conductivity value for the shocked water was limited by measuring the tantalum metal/water interface temperature. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of shocked water had a linearity relationship with shocked pressure like: Kw=KW0+2.5735pH W/(m·K),(pH<45GPa)
4. The shock temperatures of tantalum, copper and iron were measured by using liquid water as an optical window, and it is found the relationship between porous body average thermodynamic temperature value and porous iron/water interface equilibrium temperature. Combined with the three terms equation of state and calculation method for the adiabatic release temperature in the solid-liquid phase, the shock temperature and release temperature of porous iron were calculated. It showed that for porous metal with porosity less than1.3(αc<1.3), the experimental results were consistent with the calculated ones.
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