摘要
以转基因抗虫杂交棉中棉所29(CCRI29)为材料，在田间进行不同氮肥水平(高氮：225.0kg·hm~(-2)；中氮：112.5kg·hm~(-2)；低氮：0kg·hm~(-2)以及改变源库比试验，较为系统地研究了CCRI29在不同的生育阶段对不同处理的生理反应。结果表明：
不同氮肥水平对棉花的生长有一定调节效应。与中氮、低氮相比，高氮明显提高了棉株株高和叶面积指数，促进了主茎功能叶中可溶性蛋白质的合成，促进了后期果枝叶中叶绿素的含量，延长了叶片功能期，但对生育进程影响较小。中氮水平下主茎功能叶光合速率和果枝叶中叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量高于高氮和低氮水平。低氮水平下可溶性蛋白质含量低，后期叶片叶绿素下降快，加速了群体叶片的衰老。
不同氮肥水平对棉花各个器官中碳水化合物代谢有重要的影响。高氮对主茎功能叶碳水化合物的积累有一定的抑制作用，低氮促进了果枝叶中碳水化合物的积累，中氮水平条件下叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉的代谢关系较为协调。不同氮肥水平对伏前桃、伏桃棉铃子棉中碳水化合物的积累没有明显的影响。不同氮肥水平对棉花产量的影响：中氮＞高氮＞低氮。
对SOD、POD、MDA的影响：中氮水平下降低了叶片中MDA含量；POD、SOD酶活性表现为，伏前桃对位叶中各处理间比较：中氮＞高氮＞低氮，而伏桃对位叶各处理间顺序为高氮＞中氮＞低氮。提高源／库比、降低源／库比均降低了伏前桃、伏桃对位叶中SOD和POD活性，对MDA含量的影响为：减源＞CK＞减库。
在不同氮肥条件下，改变源库比对不同时期棉铃及对位叶中可溶性蛋白质的变化趋势有不同影响。伏前桃对位叶中蛋白质含量：减库＞减源＞CK，而伏桃对位叶中减库处理可溶性蛋白质含量显著低于减源和对照。
改变源库比对棉铃子棉生理特征的影响：减库不利于增加棉子中蛋白质的含量；有利于增加子棉中淀粉含量，对可溶性糖含量影响小。
减库促进铃壳、子棉的干物质积累，从而增加了单铃重。不同源库比条件下单铃重比较为：减源＞CK＞减库，并且改变源库比可提高衣分百分数。
棉花是一种很重要的经济作物，以往针对群体条件下棉花同果节“铃-叶”系统的研究报道较少。限制了对棉花源库关系的认识及棉铃形成与发育的合理调控。本试验研究了不同氮肥水平条件下，改变源库比对棉花生长发育及生理特征的影响。为棉花生理育种及高产栽培调控提供了一定的理论依据。
With Bt-transgenic hybird cotton variety CCRI29 as material, the study includes two experiments:(l)on effects by applying different level of nitrogen fertilizer (225.0kg · hm-2, high; 112.5kg · hm-2, middle; 0kg · hm-2, low) in the field;
(2) on effects caused by changing the ratio of source/sink in cotton. The main results are as follows:
The results showed that changing nitrogen application amount had some effects on cotton growth. Compared with mid-nitrogen and low-nitrogen, high-nitrogen boosted the plant height and leaf area index, increased the dissoluble protein content of function leaf on main stem and promoted chlorophyll accumulating in leaf growth anaphase, which extended leaf function period. Photosynthesis of function leaf on main stem, chlorophyll content and dissoluble protein of leaf on reproductive branch under the treatment of mid-nitrogen were higher than those under the other treatments. The dissoluble protein content of leaf was the lowest under the treatment of low-nitrogen, and the chlorophyll content decreased rapidly in leaf growth anaphase, which accelerated the leaf's senescence.
Different nitrogen level affected the carbohydrate metabolism in various organs of cotton plant evidently. The carbohydrate synthesis was inhibited under high-nitrogen level, but low-nitrogen level promoted carbohydrate accumulation in leaf on reproductive branch, and dissoluble sugar and starch metabolized in phase, under mid-nitrogen condition. Different nitrogen levels had no significant effect on carbohydrate concentration in seed cotton of bolls before July 15 and bolls from July 15 to Aug. 15. There was significant difference between the lint yields of different nitrogen conditions and caused the order of lint yield was mid-nitrogen > high-nitrogen > low-nitrogen.
At the same time, changing nitrogen levels affected SOD activity, POD activity and MDA content of leaf to some extent. The MDA content decreased under mid-nitrogen condition. The changing of SOD and POD activity was various in different growth and development stages, the order of their activity of leaf born around June 1 was mid-nitrogen>hig-nitrogen>low-nitrogen, but the order of leaf activity born around June 22 was high-nitrogen>mid-nitrogen>low-nitrogen.
Changing source/sink ratio affected SOD activity, POD activity and MDA content in leaf at the same time. Both increasing and decreasing source/sink ratio could reduce SOD activity and POD activity. The order MDA content of leaf under different treatments was removing leaves>CK>removing buds.
Changing source/sink ratio affected the content of dissoluble protein in seed cotton and the corresponding leaf of boll differently under different nitrogen level. The order of dissoluble protein content in corresponding leaf of boll formed before 15 of July (early boll) was: decreasing sink>decreasing source>CK. But dissoluble protein in corresponding leaf of early boll under the condition of decreasing sink was higher than that of the other two treatments significantly.
Reducing sink was not favorable to protein accumulation in seed cotton, but increased the starch content, and had less effect on dissolvable sugar content.
Removing buds promoted the dry matter weight of boll shell as well as seed cotton weight, thereby increased unit boll weight. But the unit boll weight was decreased after picking off the leaves. Besides, removing leaves and removing buds can heighten the lint percentage.
Cotton is an important cash crop, but so far, few studies on the boll and leaf system at the same node were reported, which hindered us for knowing the relationship of source and sink of cotton. In this experiment, the effects on growth and development and physiological characteristics of cotton by changing source/sink ratios under different nitrogen conditions were studied and aimed to provide theoretical basis for cultivation of high yield and physiological breeding.
引文
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