摘要
自传体记忆是现代认知心理学的研究热点之一，是自我与记忆的交叉领域。它是一种长时记忆，存储着与个体密切相关的图式，既包含个体对自我的认识（自我图式），也包含个体对自己所处社会的认识（社会图式）。自我图式和社会图式是在个体与社会环境的互动过程中习得的，是在外界信息与已有记忆之间进行主动建构的结果。社会互动和建构是建构主义思想的主要观点。
建构主义是心理学研究的一个新视角，强调话语的建构性，认为心理现象既不存在于个体内部，也不简单地存在于外部，而是存在于人与人之间，是人际关系的结果，是社会关系的产物。无论自我建构（信息加工建构）还是社会建构，都是特定的人在特定的社会文化背景中与其他人交互作用的建构。对于一种特定现象，它首先是在社会交往中出现的，是通过话语来建构意义的，如自传体记忆的概念，如提取自传体记忆内容与他人分享时的叙事或情境故事的讲述。其次，当个体出现心理问题时，他可以借助话语来寻找意义，进而建构合理的关系。建构主义在理论研究和实践应用领域逐渐被人们所接受。建构主义强调了心理现象的文化相对性，促进了心理学对文化历史因素的关注，推动了世界范围内的心理学本土化运动。跨文化研究在包括自传体记忆在内的各种心理现象领域都有所表现。
虽然建构主义各种取向的具体观点不尽相同，但实际上自我建构和社会建构是统一的整体，个体在与社会的交互作用中接受各种外界信息，既包含他人对自己行为的评价和态度，建构后形成自我图式；也包括社会文化对自己的规范信息，建构后形成社会图式。自我建构和社会建构都要完成对信息的加工，此外还要实现自传体记忆的自我功能和社会功能。自我建构有助于个体自我的形成和发展，社会建构有助于个体与他人建立亲密感、告知或教育他人。社会建构强调社会环境的作用，尤其是文化。个体在各种条件下都可能变换地域、国家，从而经历文化的变迁，适应当前的文化而减少过去文化的影响，经历跨文化的社会建构。这是更为复杂的社会建构过程，在新的社会和文化中学习语言，建构话语，习得对应的社会图式，进而实现人际互动。
本文以作为当代心理学主流思潮之一的社会建构论为背景，以现代心理学的历史及其成就为立足点，密切跟踪作为当代心理学前沿的自传体记忆研究成果，系统考察自传体记忆及其心理学研究，从而为自传体记忆研究提供一个新的理论视野。论文研究工作的基本思路依循如下逻辑线索：
第一章概要讨论作为论文研究工作之基础的若干关键主题，包括自传体记忆、建构、图式等，并考察其研究的历史与现状，以阐明论文研究工作的背景和意义。
第二章系统考察文中涉及的主体内容的相关研究，包括自我、记忆和自传体记忆。这类研究是非常多的，在内容选择和安排上，作者本人在有关问题上进行了“建构”。文中涉及三个非常重要的概念：自我、记忆和自传体记忆，首先对这三个概念进行辨析；接着阐述与自传体记忆相关的自我理论，包括主客维度、时间维度等方面的自我解释；然后阐述和自传体记忆相关的记忆理论，在记忆领域中有两个重要的人物：Ebbinghaus和Bartlett，前者对记忆的传统研究有重大影响，后者则在批判前者的基础上发展了自己的记忆理论，提出了自传体记忆和建构的思想；最后重点分析自传体记忆，从建构主义视角予以说明。
第三章从个体的生物身份出发，在认知建构主义的基础上，解释自传体记忆如何进行自我建构，包括信息加工过程的建构，如何在编码、提取过程中建立自我图式与外界信息之间的有效联系，自传体记忆和自我之间如何相互影响。
第四章从个体的社会身份出发，在社会建构主义的基础上，解释自传体记忆如何完成社会建构，包括社会背景下的信息加工建构、个体进行社会交往时影响建构的因素，以及跨文化背景下社会建构的意义。
第五章在对论文研究工作获得的基本结论加以总结的基础上，进一步阐明建构主义对自传体记忆研究的基础意义。
Autobiographical memory (AM), is one of the hot researches of moderncognitive psychology, and is a cross field between self and memory. It is a kind oflong-term memory storage, and storages a lot of schemas closely related to theindividual, which contains the understanding of individual (self-schema), alsocontains the understanding of their social (social schema). Self-schema and socialschema are learned in a social interaction between individuals and their socialenvironments, which are the active construction results between the outsideinformation with the existing memory.
Constructivism is a new perspective in psychological research, emphasizing theconstruction of conversation, which believes that the psychological phenomenon doesnot exist in the individual, and not simply exist in the external, but exit betweenperson and person, that it is the result in relationship, and is the product of socialrelationship. No matter the self construction (information processing construction) orsocial construction, are constructions that certain people interact with other human incertain social and cultural background. For a particular phenomenon, it first appearedin social communication, through the discourse to construct meaning, such as theconcept of autobiographical memory, such as the extraction of autobiographicalmemory contents to share with others or to tell situational stories. Secondly, when aperson appears some psychological problem, he will find meaning in words andconstruct a reasonable relationship. Constructivism is accepted gradually by thepeople in theoretical study and practical application. Constructivism emphasizes thecultural relativity of psychological phenomenon, concerns the cultural and historicalfactors in psychology, and promotes the sports of psychological localization in theworld.Cross-cultural research has shown in the various field of psychologicalphenomena including autobiographical memory.
There is a unified whole between self construction and social construction. Aperson accepts outside information in the interaction with the society, which includes information of evaluation by others for their own behaviors and attitudes thatconstructs self schema; also includes the social cultural information in order toregulate him that constructs social schema. Self construction and social constructioncomplete the processing of information, and realize self and social function ofautobiographical memory respectively. Self construction contributes to the formationand development of the individual self, social construction helps individuals toestablish intimacy with others and to inform or educate others. Social constructionemphasizes the effect of social environment, especially the cultural. The person maytransform region or country in all kinds of conditions, thus he will experience culturalchange, and adapt to the current culture and reduce the impact of the past culture,through the social construction of cross-cultural. A person must learn a language,construct conversation, get corresponding social schema, and then realize theinterpersonal interaction.
This paper takes social constructivism as the background, which is one of themain trends of contemporary psychology, takes the history and achievements ofmodern psychology as the foothold, tracks autobiographical memory research whichis frontier of contemporary psychology closely, and studies autobiographical memoryand its psychological research systematically, in order to provide a new theoreticalperspective for autobiographical memory. The basic ideas in this paper are:
The first chapter discusses several key themes as the basis of the research workbriefly, including autobiographical memory, constructivism and schema etc, andinvestigates the history and current situation of these researches in order to explain thebackground and significance of my research work.
The second chapter introduces the relevant research, including self, memoryand autobiographical memory. On the content selection and arrangements, Iconducted a "construction on relevant issues". This article involves three importantconcepts: self, memory and autobiographical memory. First, I discriminated thesethree concepts; Second, I elaborated that the theories of the self related toautobiographical memory, including subjective-objective dimension and timedimension et al.; that the theories of memory related to autobiographical memory, including the important theories of Ebbinghaus and Bartlett, the former had asignificant impact on the traditional research on memory, while the latter is based oncriticizing the former on developing its own memory theory, proposed theautobiographical memory and thinking of construction; and that the analysis ofautobiographical memory from the perspective of constructivism.
The third chapter explains how autobiographical memory completes its selfconstruction, including construction of information process; how it establish aneffective link between the self and the outside information though coding andextracting; and how autobiographical memory and self impact from the perspective ofindividual biometric identity, based on cognitive constructivism.
The fourth chapter explains how autobiographical memory completes its socialconstruction, including construction of information process in social background, theinfluence factor of construction in social interaction between persons, and themeaning of social construction in cross-cultural background from the individual socialidentity, based on social constructivism.
The fifth chapter is based on summary of this research work to further clarify thesense of Constructivism which can help autobiographical memory study.
引文
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