摘要
本调查研究以陕西省凤翔为主，同时也调查了淳化、长武、乾县、洛川、宜川、富县等苹果主产园的盛果期果园，于2010～2011年调查比较七县果园群体结构参数的异同，分析研究了苹果树体结构动态变化，找出树冠大小及覆盖率、枝组数量及类型等与产量和品质的相互关系以及相应的优质高产栽培途径。主要调查研究结果如下：
1.七个县不同果园12～15年生苹果树平均高度265.9～350.1cm，冠径介于250.9～360.0cm；果园枝类组成主要以短枝为主，中长枝比例次之，徒长枝的比例最少；不同果园枝果比为4～5:1，叶果比为38～56:1，枝叶比为1:10～13，果园覆盖率为69.6%～81.0%。七个县果园产量（kg）与果园枝总量（条）呈正相关，回归方程为y=5.859x＋62512，相关系数为R2=0.1065，相关性很低；不同果园短枝比例与产量呈正相关，回归方程为y=0.0157x＋25.241，相关系数为R2=0.9883，相关性极高。成龄果园覆盖率与产量呈正相关，回归方程为y=0.0063x＋63.177，相关系数为R2=0.6315，相关性很高。
2.凤翔县苹果示范园（专家大院）树高介于180～350cm之间，冠径介于185～290cm之间，干高均大于80cm，干径介于10.3～13.4cm之间，与产量相关性分析表明干径与产量呈现正相关，方程为y=3.091x＋59.86，相关系数为R2=0.6628，相关系数较高。
3.凤翔县苹果树龄主要处于初果期至盛果期之间，不同树形的枝类组成差距很大，尤其是短枝数量占的比例较大。其中高纺锤形短枝比例为75%～83%、自由纺锤形69%～70%、开心形72%～75%。三种树形平均长枝占总枝量的7%～14%、中枝14%～19%、短枝69%～83%，是比较合理的枝类组成比例，有利于果树正常生长和合理负载。另外，凤翔县不同树形侧枝拉枝角度介于90～120°之间，其中自由纺锤形的侧枝角度最小，但是大多数侧枝拉枝角度为110°。
4.高纺锤形、自由纺锤形和开心形三种树形在冬剪后、夏季春梢停长期、落叶期的单株总枝量不同，冬剪后的单株总枝量最少，落叶期的单株枝总量最多。从单株总枝量变化来看，冬剪后、夏末、秋末三种树形的枝量变化比例是高纺锤形1:1.37:1.51，自由纺锤形1:1.52:1.70，开心形1:1.37:1.52。
5.不同品种不同树形果实的单果质量为232.67～265.12g，两个品种着色面积均为5级，说明凤翔产地果实着色程度较好，无论是那个品种，开心形果树的果实硬度均大于高纺锤形和自由纺锤形，可溶性固形物含量在富士和嘎啦两品种间差异不显著；不同树形苹果的亮度分布范围为46.76～50.12，a*值分布范围为32.29～33.50，b*值分布范围为12.44～14.99，富士品种的亮度和红度均高于嘎啦品种，黄度较低。开心形的亮度和红度最高，黄度最低。
综上所述，本调查研究表明陕西省各苹果主产县果园树体结构各项指标均处于适宜范围之内，是比较理想的果园，其中凤翔县以高纺锤形为主体的树体结果更合理，明显提高了果实品质。
The experiments of investigation and analysis of seven different orchards on structurecharacteristics of the tree struction, mainly in Fengxiang, but also in Chunhua, Qianxian,Luochuan, Changwu and Yichuan, from2010to2011, constructing the seven country orchrdspopulation structure parameters, analyse the dynamic change of tree struction, find thecorrelation coefficients between the crown size, coverage rate, number of branches and yieldand quanlity, In orser to obtain the corresponding high yield cultivation approach. The mainresearch result are as follows：
1. The average tree height of different orchard in seven town were265.9～350.1cmbetween12-15, and250.9~360.0cm for tree cromn. The shoots consisted mainly of shortshoots, followed by middle shoots, long shoots and the least of developing shoots. In differentorchard of seven town, branch-fruit ratio was4-5:1, leaf-fruit ratio was38-56:1, branch-leafratio was1:10-13, and the orchard coverage rate was69.6%-81.0%. The percentage of totaishoots was correlated to apple yield with a related equation y=5.859x＋62512, the correlationcoefficient R2=0.1065, the correlation is quite low; the short shoots was correlated to appleyield with a related equation y=0.0157x＋25.241, the correlation coefficient R2=0.9883, thecorrelation is quite high, so were the orchard coverage rate and yield, with a related equationof y=0.0063x＋63.177, the correlation coefficient R2=0.6315, the correlation is high.
2. The average tree height of Fengxiang orchard were180～350cm, and185~290cmfor tree cromn, stem were greater than80cm,10.3~13.4cm for tree stem diameter, Thepercentage of tree stem diameter was correlated to apple yield with a related equationy=3.091x＋59.86, the correlation coefficient R2=0.6628, the correlation is high.
3. The tree age in Fengxiang was mainly between early fruit period to flourishing time,the shoots type was greatly different, especially the proportion of shoot shoots was very big.the short branch proportion of spindle shape was75%～83%, and69%～70%for freedomspindle shape,72%～75%for happy-shaped. In three different form, the proportion of longshoots was7%～14%,14%～19%for middle shoots,69%～83%for shoot shoots. It is more reasonable to shoot types the ratio in favor of fruit trees for normal growth and reasonableload. the branch angle of three different tree form in Fengxiang was between90to120degrees, in which freedom spindle shape was minimum, but most of the collateral branchangles of110degrees.
4. The total shoots per tree of three form was different in different periods. The shootsafter dongjian was most, and the least of deciduous shoots. From the variety of the totalshoots per tree, we can find that the proportion of branches change of spindle shape was1:1.37:1.51,1:1.52:1.70for freedom spindle shape,1:1.37:1.52for happy-shaped.
5. The single-fruit weight of different form of different varieties was232.67～265.12g,the coloring area of two varieties was in grade5, which can showed that the fruit coloringdegree in Fengxiang was better, the fruit firmness of happy-shaped was greater than spindleshape and freedom spindle shape in two varieties. soluble solid was no significant differencesin two varieties. the brightness distribute range in different tree form was46.76～50.12, a*value within the range of32.29～33.50,12.44～14.99for b*value. the brightness andredness of Fuji were higher than Gala. the yellowness was low. the brightness and redness ofhappy-shaped was highest and the yellowness was lowest.
In summary, the research results showed that the tree structure of seven differentorchards was within the appropriate range. which were ideal orchards, spindle shape inFengxiang can improve the quality and quantity significantly.
引文
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