摘要
果树设施栽培是果树栽培的一种特殊栽培形式。在我国果树的设施栽培中,普遍出现了产量不稳、品质下降等问题。因此,弄清设施条件下果树的生长发育规律显得尤为迫切。本文以武汉地区的日南一号温州蜜柑(Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Nitinan No.1)为材料,分别对其在大棚内不同栽培方式下(盆栽、池栽和地栽)的果实发育规律及果实品质形成进行研究,主要结果如下:
(1)大棚条件对日南一号温州蜜柑物候期的影响十分明显,2008年大棚栽培的物候期比露地栽培提前了10-15 d。大棚中的日南一号其萌芽期在3月10日左右,而露地环境下的日南一号在3月20日左右才有春梢萌发;棚内柑橘盛花期一般在4月15日至18日,露地的盛花期约在4月22日左右;棚内果实在10月上旬即已成熟,而露地果实10月中旬才成熟。
(2)大棚栽培条件下的果实综合品质优于露地果实。通过对花后180 d时的果实品质比较发现,大棚果实在着色程度、光洁度及果形指数等外观品质方面的表现较佳,而同一时期露地果实则存在着色不均、光洁度较差、果形偏大等问题;就果实内质而言,大棚果实的主要品质指标普遍好于露地果实,其中池栽条件下果实的可溶性糖、总类胡萝卜素和维生素C的含量分别为9.39%、63.46μg/g和28.00 mg/100g,而同期露地果实这三个品质指标的含量分别为5.56%、43.44μg/g和20.67 mg/100g。可滴定酸两者差异不显著,均在12 mmol/100 g左右,果胶及纤维素最终含量也相差不大。
(3)大棚内不同栽培方式下的日南一号在物候期、花果发育及果实品质上也存在一定的差异。盆栽日南一号的萌芽期较其他栽培方式早,而地栽的始花期在三种栽培方式中最早,果实转色期及成熟期三者无明显差异。三种栽培方式下的结果枝和结果母枝的比例也有所不同,盆栽条件下的植株结果母枝数较少,只占枝梢总数的84.7%,其他栽培方式的都在90.0%以上,但盆栽柑橘的有叶顶单花枝数高于池栽和地栽植株。
(4)落花落果与裂果情况的调查结果表明:日南一号温州蜜柑落花落果比较严重,落花落果有两个高峰,第一次生理落果在4月末到5月中旬,落花落果数占总量的90.0%以上,第二次生理落果出现在5月末6月初,落果比例达7.1%,但大棚条件下日南一号温州蜜柑果实裂果率很低。
The protected cultivation of fruit trees is a special form. The yield fluctuation and quality decreased of the protected cultivation of fruit trees is prevalent in our country. Therefore, finding out the regulation of growth and development of fruit trees under protected environment becomes particularly urgent. With the experiment material of the Nitinan No.1 Satsuma mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Nitinan No.1), we studied the regulation of growth development and quality formation of it under different planting ways in Greenhouse (pot culture, pond culture, ground culture) in WuHan. The main results are as flollows:
(1) The influnce of greenhouse was obvious to phenophase of Nitinan No.1 Satsuma mandarin. The phenophase of Nitinan No.1 planting in greenhouse advanced 10-15 days than the phenophase in greenhouse in 2008. The germination stage of Nitinan No.1 in greenhouse was about 10 Mar. while spring shoot germination of Nitinan No.1 of open ground cultivation was about 20 Mar. The full blooming stage in greenhouse was from 15th Apr. to 18th Apr. while the full blooming stage was about 22th Apr. in open field. The maturation of fruits in greenhouse was in the first ten days of Oct. But the fruit of open ground cultivation matured in the second ten days.
(2) The fruit comprehensive quality in greenhouse was superior to that in open ground. The fruits quality in greenhouse were better than which in open ground on their coloring degree, smooth finish and appearance after blooming 180 days. The coloring of peel was uneven, the smooth finish was worse and the FSI was too large in open ground cultivation. As far as the internal quality of fruit was concerned, the main quality index of fruit in greenhouse was better than in open ground. The contents of the fruit soluble sugar, total Carotenoids and Vitamin C cultured in pond were respectively 9.39 %, 63.46μg/g and 28 mg/100 g while in open ground were 5.56 %, 43.44μg/g and 20.67 mg/100 g. The difference of them in titratable acid content was not significant, all around 12 mmol/100 g, neither the pectin nor the cellulose.
(3) The phenophase, development of fruit and flower and the fruit quality of Nitinan No.1 under differernt planting ways in greenhouse were not completely identical. The germination stage of Nitinan No. 1 cultured in pot was advanced to other planting ways. The date of initial blooming of Nitinan No.1 in the ground culture was the earliest among the three planting ways. The difference in fruit color turning stage and mature stage were not obvious. The propotions of bearing branch and branch of bearing shoot under three planting ways were different. The propotion of branch of bearing shoot was only 84.7 % when in pot while the other planting ways were above 90.0 %, however, the number of foliate apical single flowering branch cultured in pot was more than which cultured in pond and ground.
(4) Investigation results of dropping flower and fruit showed that: The dropping flower and fruit of Nitinan No.1 Satsuma mandarin was much more serior, which had two peaks. The proportion of dropping flower of the first physiological fruit drop stage was more than 90.0 % from the end of Apr. to the second 10 days of May. The proportion of dropping flower of the second physiological fruit drop stage was up to 7.1 % during the end of May and the initial of June. The fruit-cracking rate of Nitinan No.1 Satsuma mandarin was very low.
引文
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