摘要
钢-混凝土组合结构是由剪力钉等剪力连接件将钢和混凝土两种材料部件连接,通过粘着、摩擦以及机械作用结合成一体后共同工作的结构体系。钢与混凝土之间界面的力学行为极为复杂,且对组合结构桥梁的准确分析评估具有重要影响。本文依托浙江省自然科学基金“组合结构桥梁界面行为多尺度分析方法研究”,围绕钢-混组合梁桥界面非连续变形的关键问题,对考虑非连续变形的钢-混凝土组合结构数值模拟进行了深入研究。主要成果如下：
(1)采用多折线模型来描述界面正应力-张开位移关系和界面剪切应力-滑移关系,基于通用有限元软件ABAQUS的UEL接口编译了多折线模式无厚度粘聚力界面单元,用一数值算例验证其对结构连接缝起裂扩展该非线性、非连续变形的过程模拟分析的可行性,从解决了钢混组合组合结构结合界面非连续变形模拟的问题。
(2)采用多折线粘聚区域模型模拟钢与混凝土之间界面的滑移与张开脱离,建立了组合结构的推出试验三维数值分析模型,对界面间剪切滑移及沿界面法向张开位移分布进行分析,讨论了底部边界对计算结果的影响,得到了剪力连接件的抗剪承载力和抗剪刚度；采用能量原理推导了抗剪连接件的理论刚度并与数值模拟结果和文献中的试验结果进行了对比验证。由此得到了钢混组合结构剪力连接件抗剪刚度的确定方法。
(3)针对组合结构使用过程中剪切连接件存在的拉拔状态及剪力连接件的拔出过程混凝土的拉裂与扩展的数值模拟难点,提出了采用基于强化有限元的无厚度CZM单元,以粘聚区域模型描述剪力连接件拔出过程裂纹的开裂与扩展,并建立了钢-混凝土剪力连接件拔出有限元分析模型,分析了拔出过程荷载-位移曲线,并得到了剪力连接件的抗拔承载力和拔出过程的破坏形态。从而实现了对剪力连接键拔出过程中混凝土的拉裂与裂缝扩展等非连续变形的分析模拟。
(4)考虑到实际桥梁所受车辆荷载作用一般垂直于混凝土板与钢梁连接界面,为准确分析组合结构桥梁受力性能,特别是弹性工作阶段剪力钉的受力状态,建立了考虑界面间粘聚力和摩擦力的影响组合结构桥梁受力性能分析模型。构建了连续组合箱梁数值分析模型,并分析了剪力钉的受力状态、钢与混凝土界面间滑移量及界面间应力分布。从而提出了考虑材料界面粘结特性对组合梁受力性能影响的分析方法。
(5)采用物理区域与单元网格相独立的策略,并引入无厚度界面单元模拟钢与混凝土之间界面的非连续变形,提出了考虑界面滑移的三维强化有限元分析方法。采用该方法对考虑界面非连续变形的组合梁的挠度、界面滑移和截面上下缘纵向应力等进行了分析。算例结果表明本文数值解可以与解析解吻合,从而验证了所编译有限元程序的准确性。所采用的物理区域与单元网格相独立的强化有限元,可以根据物理单元力学描述的需要选择数学单元的大小和形状,一个单元内可以分成多个具有不同材料及不同受力特点的区域,可以大大减少复杂结构的网格数量,提高计算效率。由此建立了适用于考虑界面滑移的组合梁分析的高效计算方法。
(6)以港珠澳大桥实际工程为背景,建立有限元分析模型,对大跨度复杂变截面的组合梁桥结构进行分析,实现了考虑界面滑移的三维强化有限元在规模庞大、受力分析繁琐的实际桥梁工程结构中的应用,从而验证了该方法的有效性。
Steel-concerte composite structures consist of steel and concrete parts which are connected by shear connector such as the widely-used headed stud. Through the chemistry bonding, interface friction and mechanical action the two different materials parts are combined as a composite structure system. The mechanical behavior of interface between steel and concrete is complex, and it has important effects on the accurate assessment of steel-concerte composite bridge structures. Base the support from Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of "Study on multi-scale analysis method for interface behavior of composite bridge structure", this paper focuses on the key problem of discontinuous deformation of the interface between concrete and steel, and numerical simulation analysis of steel-concrete composite structures considering discontinuous deformation was carried out. The main research contents are as follows:
(1) Multiple broken lines mode conesive zone model theory was used to analyze the interface problems in bridge structures, and a zero thickness cohesive element was implemented via the user-defined element subroutine UEL in ABAQUS. Then through a numerical example, discontinuous deformation of the interface, the ultimate load-bearing capacity and the corresponding failure mode were obtained. The feasibility of the proposed method in steel-concerte composite structure simulation analysis is verified.
(2) Multiple broken lines mode cohesive zone model was used to simulate the tangential sliding and normal separation of the interfaces. Then a three-dimensional numerical analysis model was established for push-out testing to analyze the load-displacement curves of the push-out test process, interface relative displacement, and interface stress distribution. And the shear capacity and shear stiffness of shear connectors were accurately calculated. The influences of the constraints of the concrete slab base were discussed. Then theoretical derivation was carried out upon the shear stiffness of shear connectors.Thus method to calculate the shear stiffness of shear connectors was determined.
(3) The shear connectors are not only subjected to shear forces, but may also subject to tensile force in the loading process. The oncrete crack initiation and propagation of the pull-out process is one of the numerical analysis difficulties. A zero-thickness cohesive interface element based on the enhanced finite element method was introduced. And cohesive zone model was used to describe the crack initiation and propagation of the pull-out process. Then numerical simulation analysis of a pull-out test model was carried out. Results showed load-displacement curves of the structure, pull-out capacity, and crack propagation patterns of the concrete slab. Discontinuous deformation numerical simulation has been realized. Results of this study can be used for the pull-out capacity analysis and the size design of shear connectors of composite structures.
(4) On bridge structures, vehicle load is generally perpendicular to the interface of concrete slab and steel girder, and the effect of the interface bond and friction can be more apparent during traffic loading. Thus consideration of bond and friction is needed, especially to accurately calculate the stress state of shear studs during the elastic stage. Mechanical analysis model considering interface bonding and friction was developed for steel-concrete composite bridge structures. A finite element model of a two span composite continuous box-girder was established. Internal force of shear studs, slip distribution and stress distribution of the interface were analyzed. It can carry out the analysis of composite structure without the need to rely on the constitutive laws of shear connectors obtained from push-out tests.
(5) Strategy with separated mathematical and physical mesh was adopted, and zero thickness interface element was introduced to simulate the discontinuous deformation of the interface. A three dimensional enhance finite element model considering interface slip was developed. Then finite element models with different boundary conditions considering interface slips were established. Deflections, interface slips and the stresses of control sections were analyzed. Numerical results can agree well with theoretical solutions, and accuracy of the program was verified. With separated mathematical and physical mesh, the size and shape of mathematical elements can be chosen according to the needs of mechanical description of physical elements.In one mathematical element, the physical area can be divided into multiple sub-domains. Each sub-domain can have different materials and different mechanical characteristics. Thus it can greatly reduce the number of mesh elements. The proposed method can obtain high computation efficiency, and can be used for the large scale bridge structures with complicated mechanical behaviors.
(6) Taking the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge as the engineering background, three dimensional finite element model was established, and analysis of large span bridge structures with variable cross-sections was carried out. The three dimensional enhance finite element model considering interface slip was successfully applied to the analysis of actual large scale bridge structures with complicated mechanical behaviors. Thus the feasibility of the proposed method was verified.
引文
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