摘要
我国电力能源和负荷中心逆向分布特点突出,无论是电力能源大容量长距离的输送,还是负荷中心区域电力资源更大规模的优化配置,都需要特高压同步电网的强大支撑。因此,特高压同步电网在继电保护领域出现的新问题值得深入研究,以充分发挥其第一道防线的作用,确保电力系统运行的安全和稳定。本文从“特高压同步大电网”和“两条1000kV特高压输电线路”两个角度对其继电保护配置中出现的关键问题进行了分析,主要分为如下五个方面。
首先,同步大电网中振荡现象出现频繁且影响严重,如果处理不当往往成为大停电事故的主要诱因之一。我国距离保护振荡闭锁原理多年来在对电力系统振荡的处理中发挥了重要的作用,根据电网多年运行经验和统计数据,振荡闭锁短时开放时间通常取为150-300ms,但是考虑到系统条件和运行方式极为多变,短时开放时间的整定始终没有较为严谨的理论证明,这也是我国振荡闭锁原理的一个空白。故本文综合考虑各影响因素选取了比较合理的系统模型,建立起使距离保护测量阻抗摆入其二段保护范围的等效摆入功角和系统振荡最初一个周期内转子运动特性之间的数学关系,对短时开放时间进行了比较具有创新性的理论证明,权作抛砖引玉,以期能够作为我国振荡闭锁理论的重要补充。另一方面,系统振荡过程中的正确选相也是继电保护领域的一个难题,本文以目前广泛使用的零负序电流比相辅以阻抗测量元件确认的选相原理为基础,深入分析了阻抗测量元件在系统振荡过程中的行为特性,提出了一种适用于系统振荡过程的选相新原理,即在辅助阻抗测量元件判定程序中增加200ms固定延时,以等待非故障相或两非故障相的相间测量阻抗摆出距离保护三段动作区域,固定延时的选择从工程角度考虑了系统振荡周期、主保护和后备保护配合原则等因素。新选相策略与现行保护接口方便可靠,目前已配置于部分较高电压等级输电线路的保护配置之中做进一步的完善和改进,具有比较突出的工程价值。
第三,晋东南—南阳—荆门特高压示范工程对我国特高压同步电网的建设有十分重要的意义,本文就此线路中的各种保护配置做了详细的RTDS仿真实验,发现晋东南—南阳段送电线路晋东南侧出口附近发生单相接地故障后,南阳侧保护安装处测量的零序电流会发生非常严重的畸变,对主保护所采用的零序电流纵联差动保护和零序方向纵联保护,以及后备保护所采用的两段式零序方向过电流保护和反时限零序过电流保护造成严重威胁。利用拉普拉斯变换和节点电压法对零序等值网络进行了分析,发现畸变主要由晋东南侧串联补偿电容的放电振荡过程引起,进而提出了利用突变量启动信号强制触发串补电容火花间隙的工程化实用改进方案,并对信号传输延迟和串补站阻尼装置的选择等重要影响因素进行了灵敏度分析。RTDS实验验证了所提改进方案的准确性和可行性,具有比较突出的工程价值。
第四,淮南—皖南—浙北—沪西特高压工程是我国第二条1000kV特高压输电线路,全程采用平行双回线布置方式,带来的新问题就是特高压送电线路中比较严重的线间和相间互容,在某些故障情况下会使潜供电流和恢复电压不能满足熄弧和绝缘恢复的要求,影响自动重合闸装置的成功率。目前广泛采用中性点经小电抗器接地的并联电抗器双回补偿模式抑制其影响,但当平行双回线路处于检修状态时,为了正常运行线路发生故障后重合闸的顺利进行和检修线路人员设备的安全,需要保证两条平行线路之间电气联系的可靠隔离,从而对补偿精度产生较大影响。特别是在发生最严重的同名相跨线故障后,潜供电流不符合熄弧要求。针对这一问题,本文分别从补偿的精确性,操作的可靠性和装置的经济性角度提出了双回补偿模式的三种优化措施,适用于平行双回线路正常运行状态和检修状态。RTDS仿真验证了三种优化措施对各种故障后的潜供电流和恢复电压均有良好的抑制效果。
最后,特高压同步电网紧邻负荷中心,输电走廊的日益匮乏和系统运行方式的灵活多变使同杆并架多回输电线路,尤其是部分同杆多回线的布置方式所占比重逐步增大。故本文提出了一种适合于同杆多回线各种布置方式下的故障测距新原理,其最为突出优势是不要求两端采样数据的同步性,并在算法中引入了同步补偿算子,从算法原理上消除了同步采样这一常用假设带来的误差。同步补偿算子计算方式简单,无需利用迭代等复杂算法。同时,此原理基于输电线路分布参数方程,仅需要所研究线路两端保护安装处测量的正负序电气量,除纵联保护信道外不需要额外的通信设备,从算法原理上彻底规避了不均匀零序耦合和特高压线路较大分布电容造成的影响。本章所提出的故障定位算法原理明确,结果可靠,对于同杆多回线各种布置方式下发生的单线故障或跨线故障均可以进行准确定位,且已配置于我国1000kV交流特高压输电线路继电保护装置之中,现场运行情况表明了上述理论分析的准确性。
综上所述,本文以工程建设为导向,就特高压同步电网建设初期在继电保护领域出现的五个关键问题进行了较为深入的研究,具有比较突出的工程价值和科研意义。
The electrical power energy and load center in China are distributed inversely, therefore the UHV (Ultra High Voltage) synchronous power grid is necessary for the huge power transmission over long corridors, as well as the optimal configuration over wide regions. It is well understood that the protective relaying is always recognized as primary defending line for the security and reliability of power system. As a result, the new issues of protection strategy for UHV synchronous power grid should be reconsidered deeply. Five critical issues of protective relaying in UHV synchronous power grid and two UHV transmission lines are investigated in this paper, which are described as below.
Firstly, power swing is always a threaten common and influential for power system, which may become one of the most significant reasons for blackout. Nowadays, the power swing blocking strategy of distance relay in China is that the distance relay zone-Ⅰ and zone-Ⅱ are only available in the initial time quantum for about150ms to300ms, defined as the open-time, based on the operation experiences and statistic datum over years. However, the theoretical analysis for this open-time is still a blind area considering the complicated operating conditions of power system. Therefore the open-time is analyzed theoretically. The reasonable model for power system is chosen, which is utilized to establish a complicated relationship between the rotor characteristics in the first swing period and the equivalent power angle. The equivalent power angle is defined as the angle that makes the measured impedance of distance relay zone-Ⅱ swing into its protective region. The analysis involved is expected to be an important supplement for the theory basis of power swing blocking strategy in China. At the same time, the correct fault phases discrimination during power swing is also difficult, which is the second research aspect in this paper. Nowadays, one of the fault phases selector widely used in China is based on the relative phases between fault current of zero-sequence and negative sequence with additional confirmation by impedance measurements. The measured impedance of distance relay during power swing is comprehensively analyzed in this paper. Then a new fault phases selective principle is proposed based on the fault phases selector mentioned above, appropriate for normal operation state and power swing. A delay of200ms is added for the measured impedance of un-faulted phases to swing out of its protective region. The new fault phases selector proposed in this paper was utilized in real project. The matches with other protective schemes are easy and reliable, making it more valuable in an engineering point of view.
Thirdly, the first UHV demonstration project from Jindongnan to Jingmen is of great importance for the future UHV power grid in China. The protection schemes for this transmission line are investigated in details, a special problem was observed on the Jindongnan-Nanyang transmission line. The zero-sequence current measured at remote terminal relay was severely deviated from sinusoid after the occurrence of a single line grounding (SLG) fault near the Jindongnan side, significantly threatening protective relays based on the zero-sequence components. Therefore Laplace transformation and nodal voltage algorithm is applied on equivalent networks of zero sequences. The series capacitor of the Jindongnan side was confirmed to be the main contributor of such distortion. An improved scheme was proposed, which was to spark out the gap according to the signal sent by initial procedure immediately. The correctness and effectiveness of proposed scheme were verified by numerical simulations on RTDS.
Fourthly, the parallel transmission lines are applied in the second UHV project for Huainan to Huxi, making the secondary arc current and recovery voltage not accordance with the requirements for successful auto-reclosure because of the inter-phase and inter-line capacitance. Nowadays, the shunt reactors with neutral reactor in the neutral point are always utilized to restrain the secondary arc current, especially in double-circuit model. While one of the parallel transmission lines is in maintenance state, the electrical isolation between line I and II must be maintained at all time for the safety of devices and staffs. Therefore the compensation effect is greatly weakened especially under a cross-country fault. Three optimal schemes are proposed for the double-circuit compensation model mentioned above, which focus on the accuracy, reliability and economy. The proposed schemes are verified by relevant simulations on RTDS, appropriate for normal operating state and maintenance state.
At last, UHV power grid is adjacent to load center. The lack of transmission corridor and the flexible operation conditions of power system increases the multiple-circuit transmission lines, especially lines with some shared towers. A new fault locating principle is proposed in this paper, appropriate for different arrangement modes for multiple-circuit transmission lines. The most important advantage of this scheme is that the synchronous sampling is not necessary and hence a synchronous operator is introduced to eliminate the corresponding errors. Meanwhile, it uses the comprehensive positive-negative-sequence components of the voltage and current un-synchronously sampled from two ends of individual lines. The additional communication devices are unnecessary. And the transmission line equations based on distributed parameters are applied to avoid the influence caused by distributed capacitance. RTDS simulation shows the accuracy of this fault locating scheme, involving different single line faults and cross-country faults. The scheme was configured into the protection of1000kV UHV transmission lines for further improvement by engineering experiences.
Oriented to project demand, five critical issues for UHV synchronous power grid are investigated comprehensively in this paper. Some valuable solving schemes are proposed and also configured in real operations. It is hopeful that the work is acceptable in the view point of engineering project and scientific research.
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