波兰招贴学派的戏剧主题设计
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摘要
以亨里克托马谢夫斯基(Henryk Tomaszewski,1914—2005)为首的十几位波兰招贴设计师,他们风格不一、各具艺术创作特色,但都是在20世纪50年代到60年代中期达到各自的创作顶峰,创作出曾被誉为世界招贴史上最具艺术价值的招贴。西方设计界将他们统一称为“波兰招贴学派”(Polish Poster School,以下简称为波兰学派),受到学界普遍的肯定和赞扬。波兰学派的招贴以充满绘画性,波兰民族特性(继承了民间艺术中的线条、色彩),设计师个性、幽默和幻想著称,其中尤以戏剧招贴艺术价值最高,成为该学派后期艺术招贴(Artistic Poster)的代表。言简意赅的绘画结合隐喻的图像修辞(Rhetoric of the Image)使这些戏剧招贴呈现出有别于一般设计或绘画的独特面貌,表明这些招贴的作者在平面设计和绘画(手绘)之间得心应手、游刃有余。波兰学派的招贴显著影响到世界招贴艺术的发展,其最大贡献就是,借助巧妙的暗喻实现招贴的信息传递和宣传劝诱的功能,这远胜于强化感官刺激造成的冲击性影响力。尤其值得注意的是,波兰学派的设计师们善于运用来自民间艺术的表现手法,例如,鲜艳强烈的色彩,流行的符号,具有个性化、书法味的手写文字。这种文字与图像的混合物产生出一种特殊的魅力。除了形式美之外,这些招贴还能够透露出设计师置入戏剧主题的情绪,有时是对主题和情节的直白描绘,但更多的是隐含对主题、情节的诠释和社会的评价。
     本论文将系统地介绍这些波兰设计师的戏剧招贴作品,以较充足的文献和图像资料为依据,探讨它们成为“世界招贴艺术皇冠上之宝石”的原因,并凸现其在平面设计界的突出地位。作者在和波兰波兹南国立博物馆招贴部主任、著名招贴研究学者舒伯特(Zdzis aw Schubert,1949——)先生讨论本文选题时,他认定这个题目在招贴研究领域尚属初次,具有开拓性。此外,本文还将从符号、修辞、图像等角度解读波兰画派的戏剧招贴,揭示这些招贴作为信息传达工具所借用的各种手段,并从形式分析角度评价这些以手绘为创作方法的招贴的画面构成,多角度地挖掘波兰学派戏剧招贴的艺术价值、美学价值和社会价值。
Led by the world-famous designer Henryk Tomaszewski(1914—2005),adozen of Polish poster designers all reached their summit in the1950s-mid-1960s,although they did not share the same artistic style, each had their own characteristics.They had created works counted among the most valuable posters in the history.
     These poster designers were honored as "Polish Poster School" by the academiccircles and gained widely affirmation and praise. Their posters are famous for thedesigners' character, humor and fantasy, among them the theater posters areparticularly splendid which have the highest aesthetic value and to be the mainsource of Artistic Poster. Polish Poster School merged the aesthetics of painting andthe succinct, simple metaphor in the poster. Painterly style, lively colors and linearquality combined with creative use of sense of individualism and humor were adistinguishing feature of this stream. The Polish poster designer was able to effacethe line of distinction between himself and a traditional artist. Polish poster art hadsignificant role in development of the world poster graphic design. Its majorcontribution was a new power of suggestion through use of clever allusions, conciseand inventive metaphor. Printed slogans, often hand-lettered and highlighted withstrong and vivid colors inherited from folk art, were combined with popular symbols;this characteristic hybrid of words and images created a certain aesthetic tension. Inaddition to aesthetic dimension, the Polish poster conveyed clear emotionalinvolvement of the artist, who was no longer merely an objective observer butinstead openly presented his own interpretation and commentary on the subjectmatter.
     This paper will introduce systematically the theater posters of Polish Poster School(as well as I know, this is the first time in academic circles) discuss them as "theCrown Jewels" on the basis of relatively adequate literature and image data andhighlight their prominence in graphic design. I also interpret these posters from theaspects of symbol analysis, rhetoric and iconology to real the means through whichthe posters complete the task as a kind of information transmission media, estimatethe worth of composition of these painterly poster through form analysis and tapPolish Poster School's artistic value, aesthetic value and social value from multipleperspectives.
引文
1Honoré·de Balzac,Le Cousin Pons (1946—1947), Paris, Le Livre de Poche,1973。
    6Foreword by Steven Heller. Polskiej Sztuki Plakatu (Masters of Polish poster art). Krzysztof Dydo Mistrzowie.Wprowadzenie by Steven Heller, Wst p by Zdzis aw Schubert. Bielsko-Bia a: Buffi.1995.
    7其实早在二十世纪三十年代,就有来自美国的留学生在华沙美术学院学习设计。但是七十年代开始,留学生越来越多——Poster Masters and Pupils; Publisher: Przedsi biorstwo Wydawnicze Rzeczpospolita SA.Concept, selection of workshop, and text by Zdzis aw Schubert.2008. ISBN978-83-60192-62-7. P35
    8Polsih Graphic Arts and Posters.1966
    9Plakat Polski. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Artystyczno-Graficzne,1968.
    10Polskiej Sztuki Plakatu (Masters of Polish poster art). Krzysztof Dydo Mistrzowie. Wprowadzenie by StevenHeller, Wst p by Zdzis aw Schubert. Bielsko-Bia a: Buffi.1995.
    13Bojko Szymon, Polska Sztuka Plakatu, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Artystyczno-Graficzne.1971.
    14Bojko Szymon, Polish Poster Today, Warsaw: Authors’Agency,1972.
    15Jan lenica. Ewa Czerwiakowska, Tomasz Kujawski.Wydawnictwo Muzeum Narodowego w Poznaniu2002.
    16Roman Cieslewicz1930-1996;National Museum in Poznan.2006.等。
    17Zdzis aw Schubert.Plakat Polski,1970—1978. Publisher: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza.1979.
    24Plakat musi piewa!(The Poster Must Sing). Text by Zdzis aw Schubert. Museum Narodowe W Poznaniu.2012. ISBN9788389053893.
    27The Poster Must Sing. Text by Zdzis aw Schubert. Museum Narodowe W Poznaniu.2012. ISBN9788389053893.
    28Mistrzowie plakatu i ich uczniowie(Poster Masters and Pupils). Publisher: Przedsi biorstwo WydawniczeRzeczpospolita SA.2008.
    30Ach! Plakat Filmowy. Wpolsce Wydawnictwo BOSZ.2009.ISBN:978-83-7576-049-1
    31Polish Poster Art and the Western. Edited by Kevin Mulroy. The University of Washington Press.1999.
    32Jan Lenica Plakat-und Filmkunst Ausstellung Katholische Akademie Hamburg-et al InternationalePlakatkunst-German Edition.Author: Jan Lenica.ISBN-13:9783887250409ISBN-10:3887250400Publisher:Frolich&Kaufmann.
    33脚注34—44提到的文章均来自Dydo Krzysztof. Polish Theater Poster,1899-1999.2000.
    34Dydo Krzysztof. Polish Theater Poster,1899-1999. Galeria Plakat.2000.
    35Polish Theatrical Poster at the Turn of the Centuries.
    36Noboru Matsuura. Can the Poster Survive the Twenty-First Century?
    37Ryszard Otr ba. My ABC
    38Anna Szpor-W glaeska. Posters and Play-bills of Polish Theatres-A Reminder
    39Maria Kurpik. Theatrical Poster of Inter-War Period in a Collection of the Wilanow Museum of Poster
    40Martin Rosenberg. The Evolving Dynamics of Graphic Design, Artistic Creativity and Public Expectations
    41Ewa Kruszewska. Golden Age of the Art of Poster
    42Raymond Vézina. The Teratological Aspect of Polish Posters
    43Mxime Lejeune. Polish Poster
    44Mariusz Knorowski. Pictures of Non-existing World
    45Rene Wanner. Memories of a Theatre Poster Collector
    51Poster Masters and Pupils; Publisher: Przedsi biorstwo Wydawnicze Rzeczpospolita SA. Concept, selectionof workshop, and text by Zdzis aw Schubert.2008.
    52Poster Masters and Pupils; Publisher: Przedsi biorstwo Wydawnicze Rzeczpospolita SA. Concept, selectionof workshop, and text by Zdzis aw Schubert.2008.
    53Plakat Polski1899-1945.Publisher: UMCS;Ze Zbioro w specjalnych Biblioteki G ównej UMCS w Lublinie.2004.
    54Poster Masters and Pupils; Publisher: Przedsi biorstwo Wydawnicze Rzeczpospolita SA. Concept, selectionof workshop, and text by Zdzis aw Schubert.2008.
    55Jan Lenica. Publisher: Labirynt Alabyrinth Museum Narodowe w Poznaniu.2002.
    56Karol Smu niak. Teatr Pantomimy Henryka Tomaszewskiego. Wydawnictwo: Uniwersytet Zielonogórski.2004. ISBN:83-89712-30-X
    59Jan Lenica plakat and film. Institut für Kommunikation und Desigh, Berlin Katholische Akademie,Hamburg.1981.
    60摘自《啊!波兰电影招贴》(Ah! Film Posters in Poland),BOSZ出版社,2009。
    61A Concise History of Posters. Oxford University Press.1972First Edition.1979.
    62摘自《奥赛罗》,威廉·莎士比亚著。曹未风译。新文艺出版社。1958。
    67潘耀昌陈淑君:《波兰招贴艺术》,上海锦绣文章出版,2011年8月。
    69易丽君:“漫画波兰文化与戏剧”,潘耀昌陈淑君,《波兰招贴艺术》,上海锦绣文章出版社,2011年8月。
    70恩格斯这样评价《五三·宪法》:当法国爆发革命的时候,波兰正处于生死存亡的关头,它已经被第一次瓜分弄得支离破碎······虽然如此,它仍然勇敢地以1791年5月3日的宪法在维斯瓦河两岸竖起了法国革命的旗帜—它以这一举动使自己大大高出所有的邻居。波兰的旧秩序由此而被消除;经过几十年平稳的、没有外来破坏的发展,波兰就会成为莱茵河东岸最先进最强大的国家。但是,瓜分波兰的列强是不喜欢波兰重新站起来的,尤其是不喜欢它由于把革命引进东北欧的结果而站了起来。—恩格斯《流亡者文献》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第2卷,第582—583页。
    75G ówny Urz d Kontroli Prasy,新闻出版公共演出审查办公室,1946——1990。
    77马奇·肖尔(Marci Shore),《鱼子酱和废墟:马克思主义运动中华沙一代人的生与死1918——1968》(Caviar And Ashes: A Warsaw Generation’s Life and Death in Marxism,1918——1968),耶鲁大学出版社,纽黑文&伦敦,2006。
    91Piotrowski (2005), P. Piotrowski, Awangarda w cieniu Ja ty, Sztuka w Europie rodkowo-wschodniej wlatach1945-1989[Avant-Garde in the Shadow of the Yalta Conference. Art in the Central Eastern Europe in1945-1989] Dom Wydawniczy Rebis, Poznań2005.
    【1】. Bojko Szymon;The Poster Landscape,博士论文,大约上世纪70年代。---Polska Sztuka Plakatu. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Artystyczno-Graficzne.1971.---Polish Poster Today. Warsaw: Authors’ Agency.1972.---New graphic design in revolutionary Russia. Publisher: Lund Humphries.1972.
    【2】. Joseph S. Czestochowski, Janina Fijalkowska:Poster Art in Poland1899-1978. MarylandInstitute, College of Art, the Poster Museum in Warsaw, the Ministry of Culture and FineArts.1978.这是美国美国马里兰研究院所属美术学院展览目录,展出的招贴作品来自华沙维拉诺夫招贴博物馆。
    【3】. Ach! Plakat filmowy Wpolsce. Wydawnictwo:BOSZ.2009.ISBN:978-83-7576-049-1
    【4】. Warszawski Plakat (Architects–graphic designers from the Faculty of Architecture of theWarsaw Polytechnic in1915-1939). Pubilisher: Museum Narodowe w Warszawa. ISBN978-83-7100-945-7
    【5】. Poster Masters and Pupils; Publisher: Przedsi biorstwo Wydawnicze Rzeczpospolita SA.Concept, selection of workshop, and text by Zdzis aw Schubert.2008. ISBN978-83-60192-62-7.这本书的主要内容是展现华沙美术学院师生在各自与华沙美术学院平面设计部或者设计系的工作室(平面设计课不断变化形制和名城)有关的或长或短的时间里,在招贴设计领域所取得的成果。
    【6】. Mistrzowie polskiej sztuki plakatu. Text by Krzysztof Dydo. Buffi.1995;ISBN:8390107880,9788390107882.
    【7】. Krzysztof Dydo: Polskiej Sztuki Plakatu (Masters of Polish poster art). Wprowadzenie bySteven Heller, Wst p by Zdzis aw Schubert. Bielsko-Bia a: Buffi.1995.
    【8】. Poster Art from the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts,1899——2003. Organized by JanMatejko Academy of Fine Arts, Cracow, Co-organiser: National Museum in Cracow.
    【9】. Muzeum Plakatu. Text by Maria Kurpik. Warszawa: Muzeum Plakatu w Wilanowie,2001.这本书讲述维拉诺夫博物馆的开始,1961年是维拉诺夫招贴博物馆最重要的一个时刻。时任国家博物馆所属的当代艺术画廊主管斯坦尼斯瓦夫·劳伦兹博士(Dr. Stanis aw Lorentz)开始有系统的收藏招贴,收藏重点是波兰招贴,另外,还收藏招贴设计师的传记物品,传记和展览的纪念册和外国设计师的作品。1965年,招贴部独立成为招贴科。招贴科于1966年6月13日举办第一次展览展示了波兰招贴的历史,展览题目为《从青年波兰到我们的时代》。这个展览举办在第一届华沙国际招贴双年展之机,展览地点是国家博物馆大厅。1968年6月4日,新的招贴博物馆开馆,第二届华沙国际招贴双年展开幕,接待了来自波兰与波兰之外的客人。成为世界上第一座招贴博物馆。
    【10】. He Jianping: Mieczyalaw Wasilewski and his students; China Youth Press,China,2004
    【11】. Pan Qin: Wasilewski. Jiangxi Art Publisher.2003.
    【12】. Tadeusz Gronowski1894-1990. Visual Studio.1993.
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    【14】. Witold Janowski. Publisher:Museum Plakatu W Wilanowie.2007.
    【15】. Dydo Krzysztof: Plakaty Contemporary Polish Posters. BOSZ; ISBN83-87730-35-1;2001.本书说二战后,波兰招贴才在世界平面设计舞台取得一席之地。最繁荣的时期是1956-1963年,也就是广为人知的波兰招贴学派时期。当波兰招贴艺术在世界舞台达到顶峰之后,一直保持到今天。其实波兰招贴学派的艺术家们并没有统一的风格。托马谢夫斯基经常被称为波兰招贴学派之父,这和没有统一的风格也是个悖论。或许波兰招贴对平面设计最大的贡献就是通过基于暗喻或联系的意义深远的概念的缩写表现出来的对观众的细微的“示意”。
    【16】. Mieczys aw Górowski Posters1968-2003. Rzecz Ri kna; Cracow.2004
    【17】. Mulroy Kevin: Polish Poster Art and the Western American. University of WashingtonPress.1999.10. ISBN0-295-97813-9.研究波兰招贴设计师创作的在波兰放映的美国西部电影招贴以及美国设计师、波兰设计师的创作之间的风格差异。
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    【19】. Jan Lenica plakat and film. Institut für Kommunikation und Desigh, Berlin KatholischeAkademie, Hamburg.1981.
    【20】. Posters–A Concise History. John Barnicoat.1988. The Second Edition.
    【21】. Poster Art from the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts,1899——2003, organized by JanMatejko Academy of Fine Arts, Cracow, co-organiser: National Museum in Cracow.
    【22】. Stasys50:A Retrospective, Cataloque edited by Józef Grabski, IRSA, Kraków,1999.
    【23】. Plakat polski Muzeum w Wilanowie (The Poster Museum at Wilanow), A Concise Historyof Posters by: John Barnicoat. Oxford University Press.1972.1979reprinted.
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    【25】. Polish Art Déco Poster (Polski Plakat Art Déco). From the collections of ethnography andhandicraft museum in Lvov.2005.
    【26】. Ah! Film Posters in Poland, Olszanica,2009.
    【27】. Jan Lenica, Opracowali Ewa Czerwiakowska-Tomasz Kujawski, Muzeum Narodowe wPoznaniu,2002.
    【28】. Poster of Polish: Art Nouveau. from the collections of the National Museum in Cracow.2003;Editor: Magdalena Czubińska. Publisher: The National Musuem in Cracow2003.Cracow;ISBN:83-87312-97-5.这是一本很重要的讲述新艺术风格流行时期的波兰招贴。
    【29】. Urban Design grafika projektowa od Macieja Urbańca. Editor: Jan Jaromir Aleksiun,Eugeniusz Smoliński,Ludwik ela niewicz. Publisher: Semata Sp.zo.o, ul. Sikorkiego28/32,53-659Wroc aw. ISBN:83-914291-3-X.2006.
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    【39】. Roman Cieslewicz1930-1996;National Museum in Poznan.2006.
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    【41】. W ADYS AW PLUTA Graphic Desigh. Publisher: Contemporary Art Gallery.2009.
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    【47】. Jan Lenica. Publisher: Labirynt Alabyrinth Museum Narodowe w Poznaniu.2002.
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    【54】. Polish Poster in the1990s.
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    【56】. Mieczyslaw Gorowski Posters1968-2003.Rzecz Pi kna, Kraków.2004.
    【57】. Berger John. Signs in Contemporary Culture. Sheffield Publishing Company,1998(firstpublished1984).---Ways of Seeing. Sheffield Publishing Company,1999.
    【58】. Ksawery Piwocki.1966Polsih Graphic Arts and Posters.1966.这是一本画册,前言作者皮沃茨卡(Ksawery Piwocki)在前言中向读者提供了1966年波兰版画和招贴的情况,包括1966年全波兰的设计活动和活跃的设计师等。(找不到此书的出版信息),1966年,波兰的平面设计艺术在世界上已经赢得了自己的地位。波兰设计师的作品在世界上各种大赛获奖。波兰招贴早已是名声在外,并继续引起更多设计师与学者的注意。作者认为上述对平面艺术发展有利的环境的出现要关注两个方面的原因:1,平面艺术在当时的社会角色。他用了occupy,说明这是艺术家主动争取的来的social position。2,设计师们用自己的作品向世界讲述之前不大为人所知的20世纪波兰设计。他认为从1966年的展览作品的形式语言与传达信息的载体形式,来看,波兰平面艺术完全属于世界艺术大家庭。
    【59】. The Rise and Fall of governmental patronage of art: a socialogist’s case study of the polishposter between1945-1990. International sociology. March1994.
    【60】. John Barnicoat: Posters: A Concise History, Oxford Univ. Press,1972.摘要:招贴作为一种独立的艺术形式为人所知,不会早于1870年,那时候彩色石版印刷技术的不断完善使大数量的印刷生产成为可能。招贴被承认为一种有活力的艺术形式,吸引了各层次的艺术家,比如来自画家的图鲁斯·德·劳特累克,穆哈。还有一些剧院的美术师和商业设计师也开始创作招贴。招贴的风格也从新艺术,象征,立体,再到装饰艺术,再到包豪斯风格,然后描绘嬉皮士的不连续性,直到60年代的其他先锋派运动。这本书是一本集娱乐与信息功能于一体的书,揭露了招贴的开始,招贴对现代艺术的发展贡献良多。
    【61】. Philip B. Meggs: Six Chapters in Design: Saul Bass, Ivan Chermayeff, Milton Glaser, PaulRand, Ikko Tanaka, Henryk Tomaszewski. Publisher: Chronicle Books; First Edition edition(October1,1997).
    【62】. Henrzk Syemberg: Plakat polski. Wydawnictwo Artyczno-Graficzne RSW 'Prasa',Warszawa.1957.
    【63】. Tadeusz Kowalski: Polski plakat filmowy. Filmowa agencja Wydawnicza, Warszywa1957.
    【64】. Józef Mroszczak: Polnische Plakatkunst. Econ-Verlag, Wienn-Düsseldorff1962
    【65】. Jerzy Wa niewski: Plakat polski. Wydawnictwo Artyczno-Graficzne RSW “Prasa”,Warszawa1968i kolejne wydania.
    【66】. Zdzis aw Schubert: Plakat polski1970-1978. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza RSW“Prasa-Ksi ka-Ruch”, Warszawa1979.
    【67】. Anna Rutkiewicz: Das Polnische Plakat von1892bis heute. Aus dem Sammulungen desPlakatmuseums Wilanów. Vier-Türme-Verlag, Münsterschwarzach,1980.
    【68】. Lawrence Weschler:“Solidarno”. Artforum1982, s.36-42
    【69】. Susan Hornik: The Art and Fire of the Polish poster. Smithsonian Magazine, T.13:1983,nr10, s.88-97
    【70】. Danuta Boczar: The Polish Poster. Art Journal, Spring1984, s.16-27
    【71】. Mariusz Knorowski, Krystyna Spiegel:100Years of Polish Poster Art. From the Collectionof Poster Museum Wilanów [katalog wystawy],1993.
    【72】. Krzysztof Dydo:100lat polskiej sztuki plakatu [katalog wystawy]. BWA w Krakowie,Kraków1993.
    【73】. Wystawa plakatów-Miros aw Gara, Mieczys aw Górowski, Piotr Kunce, W adzs aw Pluta
    [katalog wystawy], Czterech z krakowa,1995.
    【74】.14. Biennale Plakatu Polskiego [katalog wystawy], BWA w Katowicach, Katowice1995
    【75】. Krzysztof Dydo: Polski Plakat Filmowy1896-1996[katalog wystawy], Galeria Plakatu,Kraków1996.
    【76】. Mariusz Knorowski, Museum ulicy. Plakat polski w kolekcji Museum Plakatu w Wilanowie.Wyd. Krupski i S-ka, Warszawa1996.
    【77】.15. Biennale Plakatu Polskiego [katalog wystawy]. BWA w Katowicach, Katowice1997.
    【78】. Krzysztof Dydo: Krakowski Plakat Kulturalny [katalog wystawy]. Galeria PLIVA, Zagreb1998.
    【79】. Zdzs aw Schubert: Polish Poster in the1990s [katalog wystawy]. World Bank Staff Art.Societz, Washington D.C.1998.
    【80】. Krzystof Dydo: Plakat polski-fakty i mity. Opcje-Kwartalnik Kulturalny, nr1[20]1998,s.66-69.
    【81】. Tadeusz Grabowski, l ska Szko a Plakatu. Urz d Miasta Katowice, Katowice1998.
    【82】.16. Biennale Plakatu Polskiego [katalog wystawy], BWA w Katowicach, Katowice1999.
    【83】. Mariusz Knorowski, Motyw maski w plakacie polskim-Motiva2000[katalog wystawy].Galeria Sztuki “Wozownia”, Toruń2000.
    【84】. Noboru Matsuura: The Poster Kingdom, Poland [katalog wystawy]. Ogaki POster Museum,Ogaki2000.
    【85】. Anna Grabowska: Typo&Konstrukcja [katalog wystawy]. Miejska Galeria Sztuki w odzi,ód2000.
    【86】. Zdzis aw Schubert: Przegl d Plakatu Miejskiego [katalog wystawy]. MuseumArcheologiczne w Krakowie, Kraków2000.
    【87】. Krzysztof Dydo: Polski Plakat Teatralny1899-1999[katalog wystawy]. Galeria Plakatu,Kraków2000.
    【88】. Krakowski Festiwal Plakatu [katalog wystawy],“Filmotechnika” Zak ad Plakatowania,Kraków2001.
    【89】. Twentieth Century Polish Theatre. Edited by Bohdan Drozdowski. John Calder. Landon.1979. Riverrun Press Dalias Inc. the USA.1980.
    【90】. Braun Kazimierz: A History of Polish:Theatre Spheres of Captivity and Freedom,1939-1989: Spheres of Captivity and Freedom.1966.
    【91】. Shore Marci: Caviar And Ashes A Warsaw Generation’s Life and Death inMarxism,1918-1968.(鱼子酱和废墟:马克思主义运动中的华沙一代人的生与死1918-1968).2006. Yale University Press New Haven&London.作者为耶鲁大学助教,讲授欧洲文学与国际关系历史,本书主要由引言,正文(10章),后记组成。在这三个主要部分之前还有1918——1968年间波兰主要人物的简介。作为从一名资产阶级学者的立场出发,讲述了1918年至1968年间,波兰重要的政治、文化人物的活动及命运,以及他们的活动、作品对波兰国家命运的影响。
    【92】.图像理论;作者:W.J.J米歇尔;翻译:陈永国、胡文,北京大学出版社,2006。
    【93】.神话修辞术批评与真实(Critique et verité),作者:罗兰巴特;翻译:屠友祥、温晋仪;上海人民出版社,2009。
    【94】.传统与欲望-从大卫到德拉克洛瓦(Tradition and desire From David to Delacroix,Oxford Univ. Press,1937);作者:Bryson Norman;翻译:丁宁;浙江摄影出版社,2003。
    【95】.19世纪和20世纪之交的欧洲文化生活;作者:雅克·杜加斯特(Jacques Dugast)译者:黄艳红;中国人民大学出版社,2007。