摘要
本研究共包括四个部分。第一部分测定了真胃变位后血清电解质、血清尿素氮、瘤胃液电解质、pH及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的变化;第二部分对比了不同诊断及治疗方案在奶牛真胃变位上的应用效果;第三部分分析了高精料日粮对奶山羊血液、瘤胃内环境及真胃内环境的影响;第四部分以奶山羊建立真胃变位动物模型,手术致左方变位后,测定了血液、瘤胃和真胃的动态变化。
试验一:对17例真胃变位奶牛临床病例的血清电解质、血清尿素氮、瘤胃液电解质、瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)进行了测定。
结果表明,与健康牛相比,真胃变位奶牛术前血清钾降低,差异极显著(P ﹤0.01);血清氯降低,差异极显著(P ﹤0.01);血清尿素氮升高,差异极显着(P ﹤0.01)。病牛术前瘤胃液中Cl﹣含量升高,差异极显著(P ﹤0.01)。病牛治疗前和治疗后瘤胃的乙酸浓度均低于健康组,差异显著(P ﹤0.05),治疗前总酸度(乙酸、丙酸和丁酸)比健康组低,差异显著(P ﹤0.05)。瘤胃液pH在治疗前后与健康牛无显著差异。
奶牛真胃变位后出现低血钾症、低血氯症和代谢性碱中毒,瘤胃内Cl﹣含量升高。
试验二:对36例临床真胃病例的发病时间、胎次、临床症状等进行分析,并采取不同治疗方案进行治疗,以对比治疗效果。
结果表明,真胃变位产后15天内发病的占61.11%,临近干奶期发病的占16.67%;头胎牛和二胎牛多发,占总发病率的91.67%;钢管音在奶牛真胃变位中有重要的作用和意义;真胃变位手术治疗效果良好,左方变位手术成功率84.62%,右方变位成功率85.71%。
试验三:评价不同精料水平对奶山羊血液、瘤胃液及真胃液的影响。
结果表明,随着精料水平的提高,瘤胃液中钾的浓度的显著升高(P ﹤
0.05),钠离子浓度极显著(P ﹤0.01)升高;真胃液中钾离子极显著升高(P ﹤0.01),其他电解质无显著变化;精料水平对血清钾、血清镁及血清尿素氮的影响显著(P ﹤0.05),随精料的增加有上升趋势;对血清钙、血清钠的影响极显著(P ﹤0.01);不同精料水平下,血清氯和pH的影响差异不显著(P ﹥0.05)。
瘤胃pH随精料水平的上升而降低,高精料与低精料水平的pH差异极显著(P ﹤0.01);真胃pH在高精料水平时升高,但差异不显著(P ﹥0.05)。瘤胃内乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总酸度的浓度均随精料水平的升高而上升,影响极显著(P ﹤0.01);真胃内微生物活性增加,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总酸度升高,但与低精料水平下各值均无显著差异。
试验四:奶山羊真胃左方变位动物模型——人工真胃左方变位后血液、瘤胃液及真胃液的变化
结果表明,真胃变位后,由于胃的排空受阻和采食量的降低,瘤胃液中和真胃液中的K﹢均升高,而血清K﹢的浓度降低;瘤胃液和真胃液中Cl﹣的含量升高,而血清Cl﹣下降;真胃液Ca2﹢中的含量明显下降,瘤胃液中Ca2﹢的变化不大,但血清钙有所上升;瘤胃液和真胃液中Mg2﹢含量与低精料水平下相比均显著降低,血清Mg2﹢降低,与低精料水平时期相比差异极显著(P﹤0.01);瘤胃液和真胃液中Na﹢的含量降低,与低精料水平下相比差异均极显著(P ﹤0.01),但血清Na﹢含量基本保持不变。
血清尿素氮浓度开始出现降低,后又回升,整个变位期间与低精料时期无明显差异。
瘤胃pH下降到5.9,与低精料时期相比差异极显著。乙酸浓度下降62.69%;丙酸浓度上升25.88%;丁酸浓度上升8.61%。乙酸与丙酸的比例由3.71下降至2.51。乙酸的含量下降,丙酸和丁酸的含量上升,提示瘤胃发酵类型有所改变。
真胃pH由3.13下降至2.12,极显著低于低精料和高精料水平下的变动
范围。真胃内乙酸、丙酸含量上升,丁酸含量下降,总酸度上升。
There were four parts in this experiment. The objective of the first part was to evaluate serum electrolyte, serum urea nitrogen (SUN), rumen fluid electrolyte, the value of pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) with left and right displacement of abomasum (LDA and RDA) in dairy cows. In the second part, the effects of different diagnosis, treatment method in cows with LDA and RDA were compared. In the third part, the aim was to analyze the changes of blood serum mineral and electrolyte concentrations, SUN, mineral, rumen fluid electrolyte concentration, pH value, VFA concentration and abomasum fluid electrolyte concentration, pH value, VFA concentration under different concentrate supplementing level in milk goat. In the last part, left displacement of abomasum (LDA) was created surgically on milk goat, and the changes of the parameters evaluated in the third part were measuresed.
Part I: Data were collected from 17 affected cows and 5 control cows. Surgery was performed on affected cows and all of them had recovered. Control cows were selected from a herd at random.
The result showed that, as compared with control cows, cows with LDA or RDA had significantly lower serum potassium (P ﹤0.01), serum chloride
concentrations (P ﹤0.01)and increased serum urea nitrogen (SUN, P ﹤0.01). The chloride concentrations of rumen fluid in affected cows was significantly higher than that in control cases (P ﹤0.01). Cows with LDA or RDA had a significantly lower acetic acid concentrations (P ﹤0.05) and total acids (P ﹤0.05) in rumen fluid than control mates. But the difference of the rumen liquid pH value between affected cows and contral cows was insignificant (P ﹥0.05).
Part II: The objective of this part was to analyzed calving month, lactation number, clinical symptom of 36 cases and evaluate the effect of different diagnosis and treatment method in the abomasal displacements (DA).
More than 61% of DA appeared during the first 15 days after calving, and about 16% of this case appeared during the 3 month before calving. The lactation number explained a significant part of the variation of the frequency of the abomasal displacements. Of all the affected cows, about 90% cases occurred in the first lactation or the second lactation.
The “ping” when simultaneous percussion and auscultation on the rib cage played an important role in the diagnosis. Left displacement of abomasum was diagnosed by hearing a characteristic "ping" under the left rib cage upon simultaneous percussion and auscultation. Right displacement of abomasum was tentatively diagnosed by hearing a ping under the rib cage on the right side as far craniad as the 9th rib.
Comparing different treatment alternatives to DA, surgical treatment had the highest cost-treatment benefit. The cure percentage of operation in LDA was 84.62%, and in RDA was 85.71%.
Part III: Three milk goats with average live weight of 30.09 kg were fitted with permanent rumen fistulae and abomasal intubate at least one month before experiment. The experimental diets were composed of mixed supplementation and
peanut seedling. The results indicated that:
1.Concentrate supplementation had significant influence on rumen contents. In rumen fluid, potassium and sodium concentrate rised significantly when supplementation gain (P ﹤0.01). The pH values, acetate, propionate, butyrate concentrates and total acids increased with concentrate level (P ﹤0.01).
2.Concentrate supplementation had significant influence on serum electrolure. Serum potassium, serum magnesium and SUN concentrations increased with concentrate level (P ﹤0.05); serum calcium, serum sodium concentrations elevated significantly (P ﹤0.01). The serum chlorine concentrate and pH values changed insignificantly (P ﹥0.05).
3.Supplementation concentration had no significant influence on abomasal contents (P ﹥0.05).
Part IV: This study was conducted on 3 healthy milk goats with average live weight of 30 kg. Permanent rumen fistulae were fitted with at least one month before experiment, and left displacement
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