摘要
湖泊富营养化是环境保护所面临的世界性难题之一，我国长江中下游浅水湖泊多处于富营养化状态，城市浅水湖泊的富营养化具有生活污水污染严重，城市地表径流等面源污染严重的特点。蓝藻水华频发是这一类型湖泊的典型特征。由于生态系统的复杂性和不稳定性，水华的爆发机理现在还不十分清楚。为了研究城市浅水湖泊这种典型水体的富营养化特点及浮游植物生长影响因子，本文以武汉市浅水湖泊为例，分别采用野外监测与室内培养实验的方法，比较了两种情况下群体性非丝状浮游植物及其典型代表铜绿微囊藻的生长分布规律，讨论了氮、磷营养盐及不同氮磷比对其生长的限制作用。为了研究控制浮游植物和蓝藻水华的工程方法，通过依托工程监测分析了不同水生植物的控藻效应。本文还提出了一套基于修复进程的生态系统修复评价指标体系，用以评价并定量分析修复工程的修复效果。
本文主要的研究结果如下：
（1）武汉市浅水湖泊大多处于重度富营养化状态，其浮游植物生物量极高，夏季和年均生物量分别达到456.87mg/L和189.24mg/L。夏季时优势种为铜绿微囊藻，色球藻及尾裸藻；冬季以硅藻及隐藻为主。超过80%的调查湖泊的氮磷比小于10，但固氮蓝藻未成为优势种，说明低的氮磷比不会导致固氮蓝藻成为优势种。水温和总磷是浮游植物生物量的首要影响因子，总磷浓度与浮游植物生物量间的相关性最大。非丝状群体性蓝藻的生物量在总磷浓度在0.2～0.5mg/L左右时达到最大，其均值超过TP>0.5mg/L时的均值。这表明总磷浓度0.5mg/L可能是适合非丝状群体性蓝藻生长的饱和阈值。总氮则没有类似的影响机制。结果还显示，重度富营养化湖泊中，氮磷比分布变化范围极广，表明在总磷浓度大于0.4mg/L的城市浅水湖泊中，氮、磷营养盐浓度远超浮游植物同化能力，此时氮磷比不能作为区分营养盐限制因素的指标。
（2）在室内培养条件下，总磷浓度在0.8mg/L以下时，微囊藻的最大现存量随着总磷浓度的增加而明显增加，但与野外监测结果不同，当总磷浓度超过0.8mg/L时其最大现存量增长幅度变小。表明总磷浓度具有最适于微囊藻等非丝状群体性蓝藻的生长阈值，该阈值在室内培养条件下可能在0.5～0.8mg/L左右，大于野外自然条件下的0.2～0.5mg/L。原因可能在于室内培养条件下铜绿微囊藻多为分散的个体细胞，没有形成群体胶鞘导致的对总磷同化利用能力的差异。
（3）紫阳湖生态修复工程实施过程中不同水生植物对浮游植物密度、种群结构的监测结果表明，与挺水植物（苦草）和浮叶植物（睡莲）相比，沉水植物（金鱼藻）能有效抑制周围浮游生物的生长；其抑藻作用要强于挺水和浮叶植物。这种抑制作用除了对浮游植物生物量的限制外，还表现在对其群落结构的改变上，金鱼藻种植区的浮游植物各物种构成比重较均衡，没有明显的优势种。
（4）在分析总结生态系统修复评价已有成果的基础上，提出了一种基于修复进程的生态系统修复评价指标体系，该指标体系采用待评指标单位时间内的变化率计算修复度得分，加权求和后得到综合修复度指标（IRI）。该指标不是基于生态系统的某个状态而言的，而是引入基于进程的概念进行评价。IRI综合修复度不仅能反映系统状态，还能定量分析修复工程引起的生态系统的变化趋势和程度。
Lake eutrophication, a syndrome of ecosystem responses to human activities thatfertilize water bodies with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), has become a worldwideenvironmental issue. Most of the urban shallow lakes in China had been functioned asreceiving water bodies of sewage effluent for long time, together with urban runoff,leading to increasing trophic status. Many urban lakes in the middle-lower reaches ofYangzte River has been in eutrotrophic status, characterized with frequent outbreak ofMicrocystis blooms. Due to the complexity and unstability of an ecosystem, themechanism of Microcystis bloom in urban eutrophic lakes, however, has not beenidentified.
To characterize eutrophication and the influential factors for algal growth in typicalurban shallow lakes, the shallow lakes in Wuhan city were taken as instances in this study,and samples from15shallow lakes in Wuhan City were taken and analyzed during theperiod from March2004to March2006. By conducting field monitoring and indoorcultivation experiments, the regularity of growth and distribution of non-filamentous algae,typically Microcystis aeruginosa, under both circumstances were compared, and thelimiting effects of the concentration and ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus on algal growthwere discussed. Algae inhibition effect by various macrophytes was analyzed through theecological remediation project in the Ziyang Lake, in order to investigate appropriateengineering techniques for algae and bloom control. A set of remediation process-basedassessment index system was also proposed to assess and quantify the effect of anecological restoration project.
Main conclusions of the study are listed as follows:
(1) Majority of the lakes in Wuhan are in the highly eutrophic status, with extremelyabundant biomass of phytoplankton, averaged456.87mg/L in summer and189.24mg/Lduring annual period, respectively. The phytoplankton community was dominated byMicrocystis aeruginosa and Euglena caudate in summer and Cryptomonas ovata andCyclotella meneghiniana in winter. Low TN:TP ratios were detected accompanied withfewer occurrences of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and other filamentous algae.81 percent of the lakes in summer had the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus content of less than10, with no nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria dominant the algea community, indicating thatlow TN:TP ratio does not always result in the preferential growth of nitrogen-fixingcyanobacteria. Temperature and TP content were found to be the principal limiting factorsfor phytoplankton growth on an annual basis, due to the maximum positive relationshipbeween TP concentration and phytoplankton biomass (r=0.817, p<0.001). The results ofredundance analysis (RDA) show that the biomass of Microcystis and Euglena caudatehad significant positive correlation with TP. The results of variance analysis (ANOVA)demonstrated that the density of phytoplankton increased with the increase of TPconcentrations, and reached the maximal with the TP concentration in the range of0.2-0.5mg/L. This phenomenon implies that the threshold of TP concentration for themaximum algae biomass is probably between0.2mg/L and0.5mg/L in the studied lakes.On the other hand, total nitrogen showed no similar relationship. Thus we concluded thatneither TP nor TN is the limiting factor of phytoplankton biomass in urban eutrophic lakeswith extremely high nutrient concentrations, since the nutrient concentration is high abovethe assimilating capacity of algea.
(2) A set of bench-scale completely random combination experiments were designedto test the effects and limitation of nitrogen and phosphorus under different ratios whenMicrocystis aeruginosa were cultured. The results showed that the maximum stockingbiomass of Microcystis increased significantly with the increase of total phosphorusconcentration ranging from0.5mg/L to0.8mg/L, but were less influenced when the TPconcentration was greater than0.8mg/L. Thus, the optimal phosphorus threshold forMicrocystis aeruginosa is probably in the range of0.5-0.8mg/L, which is different to theresults of field tests in these lakes. This phenomenon can attributed to the lowerassimilation ability of Microcystis aeruginosa to the phosphorus, which was caused by thedispersive cells in pure cultured conditions.
(3) The effect of different macrophytes on the physico-chemical composition andcommunity of algea was investigated during the process of ecological restoration projectin the Ziyang Lake. The results showed that submersed macrophytes, e.g., Ceratophyllumdemersum, more effectively inhibit the growth of surrounding phytoplankton by directly releasing allelopathic substances through stalk and leaves, as compared to emergedmacrophytes (e.g. Vallisneria natans) and floating macrophytes(e.g. Nymphaea alba). Thestudy also found that the ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus were all less than10in the lakeswhere algae blooms broke out. On the other hand, TN:TP ratios were less than10duringmost of the monitoring periods at the four stations in the Ziyang Lake, but the algaedensity was far less than the degree of the outbreak of water bloom. Hence we concludedthat low TN:TP ratio is not a “sufficient condition”, but a “necessary condition” for waterbloom.
(4) Based on the published results and study, a set of restoration process-basedassessment index system for ecosystem restoration of lake is proposed. The index system,named integrated restoration index (IRI), includes a “restoration score” and the weightedcoefficient factors. The restoration score equal the sum of change ratios of thelogarithm-indicators during the periods of assessment unit, which could denote the effectof an ecological restoration project. By using IRI, we can not only get information on thestatus of an ecosystem, but also quantify long-range variation of the eco-system of a lakefollowing ecological remediation project.
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