摘要
我国是个水污染严重的国家，水污染已经越来越受到人们的关注。目前我国大中城市解决水污染的主要措施是建立以生物处理为主体工艺的二级污水处理厂，这和发达国家几乎是处于同一水平，但由于这些传统的污水处理工艺投资运行费用十分昂贵，而我国人均国民生产却远远低于这些国家，因此必须开发新型、高效、低耗、低运行成本，符合我国国情的污水处理工艺。
人工湿地系统作为一种生态处理方法，它具有投资少、低运行费用、低能耗等优点，正逐渐成为比较有前途的污水处理工艺。但由于传统的人工湿地的填料主要局限在土壤、砾石、沸石等方面，使得人工湿地的出水中的氨氮难以达标，造成人工湿地运行周期大大缩短，制约了人工湿地在我国的推广应用。因此寻求一种吸附性能更好、价格更低、储量更加丰富的粘土矿物成为本课题的研究重点。本文针对这个问题，选择了粘土矿物蛭石进行研究，主要采用静态和静态条件下的动态实验相结合的方法，重点研究了在实验室条件下蛭石净化污水的能力以及蛭石去除氨氮的吸附等温线和吸附速度，探讨了蛭石改性(活化)与再生的条件，以及活化、再生后对蛭石去污的影响，确定了蛭石在实验条件下净化污水的基础参数。
实验结果表明：
①蛭石主要是通过离子交换作用去除污水中的氨氮的，物理吸附作用很小。
②在氨离子浓度较小即q_e＜＜Q_m或蛭石用量较大时，蛭石吸附平衡时间与离子浓度和蛭石的投加量无关，不同浓度和投加量下平衡时间均为5h。
⑧蛭石在常温下的吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Frcundlich公式，其中Langmuir吸附等温式表示为：q_e=0.117C_e/1+0.00562C_e，求得蛭石的饱和吸附量(Q_o)为20.83mg／g，这和蛭石的理论饱和吸附容量21mg／g相差无几。Freundlich吸附等温式表示为：q_e=0.259C_e~(0.642)。
④影响蛭石吸附的因素很多，实验研究表明：蛭石的吸附容量在pH2.0～6.0范围内随pH增大而增大，最适pH为4.0～6.0；温度在15℃～35℃范围内，随温度的升高而减小；随着接触时间的延长而增大，在开始的10min内吸附速度最快，30min后就趋于平衡；氨氮的初始浓度小于200mg／L，其去除率是逐渐增大的；氨氮的去除率随着蛭石的用量的增加而增加；长有生物膜的蛭石其去除负荷能导致蛭石的使用周期延长甚至会成倍增加。
⑤蛭石不但能有效去除污水中的不溶性有机物，对可溶性有机物也有较强的去除能力。
⑥蛭石吸附饱和后通过再生可以多次使用，再生后的蛭石的吸附容量较原蛭石有明显的提高，吸附容量与再生次数的关系为：q=-0.0457n+2.427
⑦蛭石经酸改性后，对有机物的吸附容量有明显提高，对氨氮的吸附提高不明显；经盐改性后的蛭石饱和吸附容量较改性前有大幅度提高，为30.41mg／L。
⑧蛭石过滤实际污水实验，结果表明：其渗透系数为9.56cm／h，出水效果和模拟污水的效果相当。
Water pollution is very serious, and it is getting more and more attentions in China. Currently, the main polluted water treatment process is based on bio-treatment in China. At this aspect, it keeps almost the same level with developed country. However, this traditional treatment process is a high cost process, and Chinese economy is far below than developed country. Therefore, it is emergently to develop innovative process suitable for China. And this method must provide multi-benefit including high efficiency, low energy, and low operational cost.
Constructed wetland system is a new type of ecological wastewater treatment technology. It is a process with low investment, cheap operational fee, low energy and so on. So, constructed wetland will become a prospect of polluted water treatment methods. But the substrate of traditional constructed wetland mainly limited by soil, gravel, zeolite. This makes effluent NH4-N not good enough to meet The National Sewage Discharge Standard and reduces live span of constructed wetland considerably, and inhibits its development. This paper does some study about vermiculite. The experiment integral captive test and dynamic test at static state .The main study: purification capacity of wastewater with vermiculite; NH4-N removal sorption isotherm line and sorption speed. This paper also discusses activation and regeneration of vermiculite, and the influence after activation and regeneration. It confirms basic parameters of vermiculite at laboratory conditions. The main results show: ① Most NH4-N mainly remove by ion ex
change, the role of physico-chemical sorption is
negligible. ② With low concentration of NH4-N, namely qe< relationship between absorb equilibrium time and ion concentration and investment dosage of
vermiculite. There is the same equilibrium time (5h) at different concentration and different
dosage of vermiculite. ③ At normal temperature, sorption isotherm line is accorded with Langmuir-isotherm plots and
Freundlich-isotherm plots. The Langmuir-isotherm plots: qe =0.117Ce/1+0.00562Ce. According
to the Langmuir line: saturated sorption capacity (Qo) is 20.83mg/g, it is closed to theoretical value (21mg/g). Freundlich-isotherm plots: qe=0.259Ce0.642
④ There are many factors affecting vermiculite's sorption. Experimental results showed: at pH level:2.0~6.0. sorption capacity of vermiculite increase with pH growing, the optimal pH value:4.0~6.0; but at temperature value:15℃~35℃, sorption capacity of vermiculite inverse to temperature. Sorption capacity gets improvement when elongate the contacting time. At the
outset 10 minutes sorption speed is very fast, and after 30 minutes, it reaches to sorption
balance. The initial concentration bellows 200mg/l, the removal rate is getting up. There is
positive relevance between removal rate of NH4-N and dosage of vermiculite. When there is
bio-film with vermiculite, the life span of vermiculite is getting longer. ⑤ Vermiculite not only can remove insoluble organic pollutant efficiently, but also can remove
soluble organic pollutant from wastewater. ⑥ When removal capacity of vermiculite is used up, it can reuse by regenerating, the sorption
capacity improves apparently after regeneration. The relationship between sorption capacity
and times of regeneration is q=-0.0457n+2.427 ⑦ The sorption capacity of organic pollutant improves apparently by transforming vermiculite
with acid, but there is no different of NH4-N-sorption. Sorption capacity improve
significantly after transforming vermiculite with salt, the saturated sorption capacity is up to
30.41mg/L
⑧ Using vermiculite as filter material, the coefficient is 9.56cm/h
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