摘要
在工业废水当中，来自印染和纺织工业的染料废水是最难处理的废水之一，这是因为染料是一种合成的、含有复杂的芳环类结构的化合物，很难被生物降解。近年来，全世界染料年产量已超过7×10~5吨，品种达千种以上，其中偶氮染料所占比例最大，约占总染料产量的60％以上。传统的用于处理污水的物理或化学方法对染料废水中色度的去除效率不高且处理费用高，使用范围窄。
近年来，关于微生物对染料的脱色及降解进行了广泛的研究，已经有许多可脱色染料的微生物的报道，包括细菌、真菌和藻类。我们通过富集培养，从保定市某化工厂废水中分离到17株具有较强脱色效果的细菌，经鉴定他们分别属于：芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、库特氏菌属(Kurthia)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、气单胞菌属(Aeromnas)、沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)及克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)。为了确定这些细菌对染料的最佳脱色条件，进行了试验研究，并得到如下结果：①这些细菌的温度适应范围较广，在温度为31～37℃，细菌具有最佳的脱色效果，例如，A、B、C1、C3、D3、D4、D5、D6、E、G、HD-1、F；有一些细菌随温度升高脱色能力也在增强，例如C2、D1、D2、D7，在40℃时达到最大脱色率，在25℃～40℃之间都有一定的脱色效果。②在pH值为5～9范围内，这些细菌都有脱色能力，菌株A、B、D3、D6、D7在pH为9.0时脱色效果最佳；C1、D1、D4在pH为8.0时脱色效果最佳，有一些细菌在pH为7.0时脱色效果最好，如C2、D3、D5、E、HD-1、G、F。③氧气对细菌的脱色作用具有抑制作用。
细菌对染料的脱色产物为芳胺类物质，我们筛选到了一株以对硝基苯胺为唯一碳、氮源的菌株J18，经鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。利用菌株H(Klebsiella)和J18组成双菌株混合菌群，在菌株H对染料酸性黑NG脱色的最适条件下，菌株J18可以将菌株H形成的中间产物(芳胺类物质)进一步降解，脱色率和降解率分别为90.53％和95.6％。
染料废水中通常含有多种染料，染料生产废水还含有大量的染料中间体，为了深入了解所获得的脱色菌对实际废水的处理效果，我们选用菌株A、HD-1、D2、H、G和J18组成一个多菌株混合菌群，他们对混合染料及实际染料废水都具有较高的脱色效果，脱色率分别为87.3％和77.4％，COD的去除率也较高，分别为66.7％和54.3％。
Among industrial wastewater, dye wastewater from textile and dyestuff industries is one of the most difficult to treat. This is because dyes usually have a synthetic origin and complex aromatic molecular structures which make them more stable and more difficult to be biodegraded. It is reported that there are over 1000 commercially available dyes with a production of over 7 × 105 metric. Among these dyes, azo dyes are the most widely used ,they account for 60% of the total number of dyes structures known to be manufacture. Beause color in wastewater is highly visible and affects esthetics, water transparency and gas solubility in water bodies, and especially because many dyes are made from known carcinogens, such as bezidine and other aromatic compouds . dye wastewater have to be treated.
Due to the low biodegradability of dyes, conventional biological wastewater treatment systems are inefficient in treating dye wastewater. Dye wastewater is usually treated by physical- or chemical- treatment process, however ,these technologies are usually inefficient in the removal of color ,costly and little adaptable to a wide range of dye wastewater.
In recent years, a number of studies have focused on some microorganisms which are able to biodegrade and biosorb dyes in wastewater, A wide variety of microorganisms capable of decolorizing dyes are reported, and they are some bacteria, fungi, and algae. 17 decolorizing strains screened from the wastewater of the 3th chemical factory of baoding were identified as Bacillus,Kurthia,Corynebacterium^eromnas and Salmonella,Klebsiella. We studied on the decolorizing conditions of these strains and the results showed that:① These strains have a large range of temperature endurance. When the temperature is between
31℃ and 37℃,some strains have the best decolorizing result, such as A,B, C, C3, D3, D4, D5 , D6, E, G, F and HD-1. When the temperature increased, the decolorization rate increased for C2, D1, D2, D7 and when the temperature is 40℃, they have the best decolorizing results.② These strains have some decolorizing ability when the pH is beteen 5 and 9. Different strains have different optimum pH,the optimum pH of A, B, D3, D6 and D7 is 9.0;C1, D1 and D4 is 8.0;while 7.0 is the optimumpH of C2, C3, D5, E, HD-1,
G and F.③ These strains are sensitive to oxygen, and oxygen inhibit the decolorization rate.
Decolorization of dyes by these strains was typically initiated by azoreductase-catalyzed cleavage of azo bonds. And then corresponding amines were formed. We screened a bacteria J18,identified as pseudomonas,which could grow depending on the Hydroxy phenylamine as the soly nitrogen and carbon sources. We made a bacterial cinsortium by mixing strain H and J18 to investigate the degradation of the intermediate aromatic amine. We found that they are further degraded under aerobic or anaerobic conditions by J18.
There are many dyes and all kinds of intermediate in the wastewater. In order to investigate the results of decolorizing dyestuff wastewater, we mixed A, D2, H, G>,HD-1 and J18 to make a consortium to investigate the decolorization rate of mixed dyes and dyestuff wastewater. We found that the decolorization rate was 87.3% and 77.4% respectively; COD(chemical oxygen demand) removal rate was 66.7% and 54.3%,respectively.
引文
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