摘要
蒸汽驱是目前普遍使用的提高稠油采收率技术,但其本身还存在一些不足。首先,蒸汽重力超覆现象随油层厚度的增加而加剧,从而造成蒸汽驱的体积波及系数低；其次,蒸汽驱时指进现象严重,尤其在非均质油藏中常常发生注入蒸汽沿高渗层窜流,导致注入蒸汽大量损失和体积波及系数降低；第三,随着蒸汽驱采油进入中后期阶段,原油产量下降,汽油比明显升高,经济效益变差,大量的热能被滞留在储层岩石和流体中,如果蒸汽驱一直进行下去直到开采过程结束,那么这些留在岩石和流体中的热量将被浪费。因此,开展稠油油藏改善蒸汽驱开发效果技术及其机理研究具有重要意义。
本文立足于辽河油田齐40块中深层稠油油藏蒸汽驱开发实际,分别对先导试验区、扩大试验区和规模汽驱井组的蒸汽驱开发效果进行评价,提出了目前各个试验区井组面临的主要问题及矛盾。生产数据显示,蒸汽驱在齐40块的应用已取得了成功,但也暴露出许多急需解决的矛盾,主要包括：先导试验区4井组目前已经处于汽驱阶段后期,高投入和低产出的矛盾日益突出,继续维持现状已经无法满足经济效益要求,需要开展蒸汽驱后期提高采收率技术研究；扩大试验区7井组在蒸汽驱过程中45%的井发生不同程度的汽窜现象,严重影响正常生产,需要开展控制汽窜技术研究；齐40块规模汽驱井组汽驱过程中由于油藏动用不均、分注效果差及蒸汽突破不断加剧等原因,造成产量出现下降趋势,需要研究新技术以扩大蒸汽波及系数、抑制蒸汽突破、改善蒸汽驱开发效果。
针对齐40块各试验区汽驱井组所出现的主要问题及矛盾,开展了改善蒸汽驱开发效果技术及其机理研究。
首先,着眼于缓解蒸汽驱开发中汽窜现象,对蒸汽驱汽窜开展了渗流理论分析,确定了倾斜地层驱替界面稳定的条件,分析了流度比、不同界面位置,以及不同注采井距对驱替界面稳定性的影响,从理论层面认识了启动压力梯度变化对界面稳定性的控制作用。实验研究方面,开展了蒸汽驱汽窜一维及二维物理模拟研究,并研制出适合控制汽窜的腐殖酸钠高温调堵剂,具有泵入性能良好,耐盐性良好(最高可耐NaCl浓度40000mg/L, CaCl2浓度8000mg/L),耐温性能良好(可耐290℃的高温),完全满足蒸汽驱控制汽窜的温度要求。实验结果表明,腐殖酸钠凝胶调堵体系对不同渗透率的岩心都有良好的封堵效果,封堵率在95%左右,并具有堵大不堵小的特性,最优配方为：腐殖酸钠(质量分数9%)、甲醛(质量分数1.5%)、间苯二酚(质量分数2.0%),最佳适用pH值为7-9。
其次,研究了化学剂结晶控制蒸汽冷凝水流度提高稠油采收率技术,利用分相流动方程与Buckley-Leverett驱替理论研究了化学剂结晶法对稠油热采采收率的影响,提出了“化学剂结晶前后水油流度比可以用水相残余阻力系数的变化来表示”这一创造性思路,大大简化了室内实验测量与计算的工作量。实验研究方面,开展了MA降低水相渗透率实验和室内模拟驱油实验,实验结果表明,水相残余阻力系数随温度和注入量的增加而增加,为保证MA降低渗透率的效果,注入量应该大于1PV,注入温度应高于220℃。MA对水相渗透率的降低具有可逆性,随着注入温度的升高,可逐渐解除MA对水相渗透率的影响。油相残余阻力系数测定实验结果表明,注入MA前后不同温度的油相残余阻力系数都接近1,说明MA具有堵水不堵油的特性。驱油实验结果表明,当温度由200℃降低至160℃时,注MA饱和溶液的岩心的驱油效率为49.9%,比单纯200℃热水驱高10.1%,比160℃热水驱的驱油效率高11.7%。当温度由200℃降低至60℃时,注MA饱和溶液的岩心的驱油效率为37.1%,其效果介于200℃热水驱和60℃热水驱之间。
最后,开展了蒸汽驱后转换开发方式研究,探讨了蒸汽驱后热水驱提高采收率机理,开展了蒸汽驱后热水驱物理模拟实验研究,设计了汽驱后继续注蒸汽、转热水驱、水汽交注三种方案,实验结果表明,转驱阶段驱油效率分别为4.42%、2.99%、3.76%,转热水驱的驱油效率略低,但其低廉的成本仍然是蒸汽驱后开采方式的首选。针对齐40块先导试验区4井组,利用多项动、静态监测资料进行了对比分析,在数模结果与微地震测试、新井测井、动态监测资料吻合较好的前提下,按照监测资料一致性的原则,利用相关公式推算出没有吸汽剖面注汽井的小层吸汽比例,确定各小层的动用程度,对非均质油藏蒸汽驱后平面、层内、层间的剩余油分布规律进行了分析,描述出汽驱后各小层剩余油分布。目前先导试验区剩余地质储量为38.3×104t,含油饱和度为33%。进行了先导试验区蒸汽驱后转热水驱油藏工程优化设计研究,对注水温度、注水量、注采比、注水层段、注水时机等参数进行了优选,数值模拟结果表明：齐40块先导试验区转热水驱合理井底注水温度为150℃,折算到地面,井口注水温度应达到180℃；合理注采比为1.2：1,合理注水量为100t/d左右；应采取笼统方式注水,且尽早转热水驱开发。
Steam flooding is the most prevalent method so far for enhancing heavy oil recovery, which also has some deficiency. First, overriding of steam makes sweep efficiency low when the thickness of layer increases. Secondly, finger advance is serious during steam flooding, especially in anisotropic layer where the injected steam often crossflows through high permeability zone, resulting in more heat loss and lower sweep efficiency. Thirdly, a reduction in oil production and an increase in steam/oil ratio can be observed at the later stage of steamflooding, which means that a large amout of heat will be left in rocks and fluids and wasted if steam is continuely injected. It is important to conduct studies on mechanism of technologies for improving steam flooding efficiency.
Based on the practical production situation of Block Qi40 in Liaohe mid-depth heavy oilfield, the development efficiency of steam flooding in pilot test area, enlarged test area and extended were evaluated in the paper, respectively, proposing the main problems. Production data showed that steam flooding applied successfully in Block Qi40, however, a lot of problems exposed in this process have been in need of proposal. These problems included that the 4 well groups in pilot test had been in the period of later stage of steam flooding and that the situation of more investment and less production was so serious that it should be coverted to other development methods. And steam breakthrough control techniques should be studied in that the breakthrough happened in a percentage of 45% of 7 well groups in enlarged test area causing many problems in the process of production. Oil production also declined in the extended test area because of unequal employment of reservoir, poor effects of laying injection, and breakthrough, which demenstrated new techniques should be studied to improve development effect of steam flooding.
On the basis of main problems in every well group, research on mechanism of new techniques for improving steamflooding efficiency is conducted in this paper.
First, in order to control the breakthrough in the process of steam flooding, filtration theory of breakthrough was studied to determine the main factors of maintaining the stable displacement, including the effects of mobility ratio, locations of different interface and spacing between injecting and producing wells on the stability of displacement interface, which showed in theory that kickoff pressure gradient exerted an effect on displacement stability. On the other hand, in experiments 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional physical simulations were conducted and a new breakthrough control system, sodium humate, was developed which was characterized by easiness to be pumped, a good tolerance of salinity(NaCl concentration could be up to 40000mg/L and CaCl2 concentration up to 8000mg/L), and a good temperature tolerance(290℃). Experiment results showed that the system had a good impact on cores of various permeability, the plugging ratio could achieve 95% and it also could not plug low permeability strata but high permeability strata. The optimization of formula was determined to be sodium humate(concentration of 9%)、aldehyde(concentration of 1.5%)、resorcin(concentration of 2.0%), optmical pH value range (7-9).
Secondly, a technique for controling fluid mobility of condensed water by adding chemical agent was discussed by means of fractional flow formula and Buckley-Leverett displacement theory. And a new method, using RRF(residual resistance factor) to demenstrate the change of mobility ratio with and without adding chemical agents, was proposed to simplify the calculation load in the experiment. MA was screened to carry out the oil displacement experiments and the results showed that RRFw increased as temperature and injection amount went up. On purpose of maintaining the displacement efficiency, the temperature should be as high as 220℃or more and injection amount should not be lower than 1PV. Water relative permeability was reversible with the temperature declining. The fact that RRFo approached to be 1 with or without MA injection showed MA plugged not oil but water. Oil displacement results showed that displacement efficiency was 49.9% after injecting saturated solution of MA when temperature decreased from 200℃to 160℃, which was 10.1% higher than pure hot water flooding at 200℃and 11.7% higher than that of 160℃. When temperature lowered to be 60℃,37.1% of displacement efficiency could be attained which was less than 200℃pure hot water flooding and more than 60℃.
Thirdly, mechanism of converting from steamflooding to hot water flooding was disscused. Experiments were carried out in which 3 programs, were designed to be continuous steamflooding, converting to hot water flooding and gas-water alternating injection. And the displacement efficiency was 4.42%,2.99% and 3.76%, respectively, which showed that hot water flooding was the best choice for a post steamflooding project because of its low costs. According to monitoring data of static and dynamic which is fitting well to the results of numerical simulation, microseismic test and new well test, the resident oil distribution in internal layer and interlayer was calculated and analyzed after steam flooding. And steam absorption in oil layers without testing data is determined by formula. The results showe that remaining oil in place in pilot test area is determined to be 38.3×104t and oil saturation to be 33%. The designing optimazation of petroleum for converting steam flooding to hot water flooding in pilot test area is also conducted in this paper. The parameters are optimized in numerical simulation to be 150℃of injecting temperature in down hole (equal to 180 in well head),1.2:1 of rational injecting/producting ratio, 100t/d of rational water injection and commingled water injection as soon as possible, respectively.
引文
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