摘要
随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,交通机动化程度加剧,引起的大气污染、噪声污染成为影响城市环境质量的主要污染源之一。另一方面,城市交通网络设计必须考虑降低交通污染这一不容忽视的问题。因此,从系统和全局的角度将环境污染控制和交通网络设计有机融合,是解决环境问题最迫切最有效的方法之一,也是本文将两者结合研究的主要原因。
本文首先从宏观角度分析交通网络中的环境污染控制机理,提出了基于“共生效益”和“均衡供需”的环境污染控制手段,构建了共生理论视角下的交通环境承载力的测度模型和评价模型,为中观角度的研究提供指导思想和理论依据。而后为更精确控制交通环境污染,本文从中观角度研究了城市交通网络中的尾气排放控制策略和噪声污染控制策略。其主要原理是通过分析城市某区域的车辆运行与环境污染的关系,采取某些措施和手段,以提高交通运行效率,缓解交通环境污染。本文研究范畴仅限于以静态交通分配固定需求为基础的交通网络中环境污染管理和控制措施,采用数学规划类方法、智能算法、计算机模拟仿真相结合的方法来分析和解决问题。研究的主要内容如下：
(1)首先对国内外研究现状进行了分析,包括考虑环境因素的道路网络优化方法,尾气排放模型、噪声预测模型、环境污染控制方法和粒子群算法,在此基础上归纳和总结了当前研究存在的问题。并据此确定了本文研究的范围、方法、内容和技术路线。
(2)分析了城市交通网络领域和环境污染控制领域的理论和方法,包括城市交通网络平衡分析、双层规划模型、尾气排放模型、噪声预测模型,为构建复杂的优化模型打下坚实的理论基础。
(3)针对求解复杂交通网络优化问题的粒子群算法研究,主要通过引入免疫选择、混沌搜索、多种群演化、自适应繁殖等策略对粒子群算法改进,提出基于免疫选择的自适应繁殖混沌粒子群算法(ICPSO算法)。通过交通网络优化算例和针对交通网络特征的性能仿真,证明改进算法在加快收敛速度、增强粒子多样性、防止早熟现象等方面的有效性,为构建复杂交通网络的优化模型提供便捷的求解途径。
(4)将共生理论和供需平衡原理引入交通网络的环境污染控制中,分析了由共生单元、共生模式、共生环境三要素构成的城市交通共生网络,提出了基于“共生效益”和“均衡供需”的环境污染控制手段,阐述了其概念和作用范围、目标和实现方式。利用DPSIR模型从驱动力、压力、状态、影响、响应环节筛选出环境压力的关键因子：土地利用、能源消耗、尾气排放、噪声污染,据此从共生理论视角定义了城市交通环境承载力的内涵和外延,构建了交通环境承载力的测度模型和评价模型,为从宏观角度控制城市机动车规模提供了决策依据,同时也为城市交通网络的优化模型中约束条件所参照的环境阈值提供了量化手段。
(5)在共生效益思想指导下,采取多种手段组合优化的策略来控制城市交通网络中的尾气排放。首先构建了考虑行驶工况和信号配时的尾气排放模型,分析了路段能力增量和信号配时对怠速时间和阻抗函数的影响,在此基础上构建了道路拓宽费用调节下的双层规划模型,利用ICPSO算法求解并进行算例仿真分析,最后是所做工作总结和针对性措施。
(6)在共生效益思想指导下,构建了考虑重车比例和临街建筑物布局类型的噪声污染模型,据此构建了噪声分区控制思想下的双层规划模型,利用ICPSO算法求解并进行算例仿真分析,最后是所做工作总结和针对性措施。
希冀上述研究能为制定科学合理的交通管理和控制措施提供决策依据,为交通规划方案设计考虑环境污染控制提供定量方法,为衡量ITS智能交通系统是否先进合理提供主要手段。
With the development of economy and the improvement of the living standard, the aggravation of traffic motorization degree brings about the air and noise pollution, which has been the one of main pollution sources of urban environment. On the other hand, the urban traffic network design must be considered to reduce traffic pollution which cannot be ignored. Therefore, the organic integration between environmental pollution control and traffic network design from the systemic and all-around perspective, is one of the most urgent and effective methods to solve environmental problems, which is also the main reason of integrated research in this dissertation.
The mechanism of environmental pollution control in the traffic network was discussed from the macroscopic view, which provided guidelines and theoretical basis for the following medium-view research. Then, the means of environmental pollution control were put forward based on the symbiosis benefit and balance of supply and demand equilibrium, and the measuring and evaluation of traffic environmental carry capacity were proposed based on symbiosis theory. For more precise controling the traffic environmental pollution, we analyzed on the optimization strategy of traffic emission control and noise pollution control in the urban traffic network from the medium view. Based on analysis of the relation between the vehicles running and environmental pollution, some measures and means were proposed to improve traffic operation efficiency and to ease traffic environmental pollution.The discussion range of this dissertation is limited to the management and control measures of environmental pollution in traffic network system based on the static traffic allocation with the fixed traffic demand. In order to analyze and solve the above problems, mathematical programming, intelligent algorithm, and computer simulation were put forward together in this dissertation. The main content of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Firstly, we discussed the domestic and foreign research status, including the road network optimization method considering the environmental factors, vehicle emission model, noise prediction model, methods of environmental pollution control and the particle swarm algorithm. Based on these, the current research problems were summarized and proposed in this dissertation. And according to above problems, the scope, method, contents and technical route of this dissertation were put forward.
(2) In this dissertation, we discussed the theory and methods of urban traffic network and environmental pollution control, including the analysis of urban traffic network equilibrium, bi-level programming models, emission models and noise prediction models, which provided solid theoretical basis for follow-up study.
(3) To solve complex traffic network optimization problems the particle swarm optimization algorithm was improved by introduced with the immune selection, chaos search, multi-population evolution and adaptive breeding, and the adaptive breeding chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm based on immune selection was put forward. Then the example of traffic network optimization and the performance simulation test of aiming at the characteristics of traffic network were discussed in this dissertation, which proved that the improved algorithm was more of validity, in some aspects such as speeding up the convergence, enhancing diversity of the particles and preventing precocious etc, which provided new solution to solve the problems of complex traffic network optimization models.
(4) The symbiosis theory and supply-demand balance principle were introduced into environmental pollution control of the traffic network, and we discussed the urban traffic symbiosis network which composed of three elements including symbiotic unit, symbiotic pattern and symbiotic environment, and proposed environmental pollution control means based on symbiosis benefit and supply-demand balance. And we expounded the conception, scopes of functions, objectives and realization ways in the further discussion. Then the key factors of environmental pressure were selected by using the DPSIR model from drive force, pressure, state, impact and response, which are including the land use, energy consumption, emission and environmental pollution. Thus we defined the connotation and denotation of environmental carrying capacity of urban traffic, and built the measurement and evaluation models, which were benefit to providing the decision-making basis of control urban vehicle scale and providing measurement means of constraint conditions of environmental threshold for urban traffic network optimization from the macroscopic perspective view.
(5) In the guidance of symbiosis benefit theory, some means and strategies of combinatorial optimization were proposed to control emission of the urban traffic network Firstly, the emission models were been established considering the running condition and signal timing, and the influence on the idle time and impedance function come from improving the section traffic capacity and signal timing. Based on this, the bi-level programming model was put forward based on the road section widening expense, and an example simulation was analyized and solved with above models by using ICPSO algorithm, and finally summarized and brought forward corresponding measures.
(6) In the guidance of symbiosis benefit theory, we proposed the noise pollution model considering the heavy truck scale and the layout of nearby-street buildings, based on this, we proposed the bi-level programming model with the ideal of noise division control, and analyized and solved an example simulation with above models by using ICPSO algorithm, finally some conclusions and measures were put forward according to above states.
These studies may be benefit to providing the decision-making basis of reasonable strategies for traffic management and environmental control measures, and to providing quantitative method for urban traffic planning based on environmental pollution control, and also providing good means for measuring the advance and reasonability of ITS running in urban traffic network.
引文
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