摘要
众所周知,发明于18世纪的水锤泵,功能和作用原理都是完全不同于传统涡轮泵的一类水泵。因为从功能上讲,它无需输入外功,而是将水(源)流原有的能量进行重新分配,获得高压水流:从作用原理上讲,它是利用非定常水流的水锤现象来达到增压与分流的目的。世界上许多国家(特别是俄、美、英、中等国)在山区提水,农田灌溉等方面已有较广泛的应用。但是,由于它在运行中主要依靠两只阀门周期地开关来工作,存在(如间歇性供水、振动严重、噪声大、易损坏、占地面积多和维修频繁等)重大的缺陷,难以适应客观实用的要求。
本文巧妙结合水锤泵和气波增压器两者的工作原理与效能转换方式,成功研究出不间断地产生水锤效应,能够连续获得高压水流的水波泵,随后进行了大量的实验研究,得到许多有用的数据。本文在研究过程中,主要取得了以下成果:
1、首先利用流体的非定常现象——水击压力波动原理,创新性地提出了新型水泵——水波泵研制的理论依据,通过对水波泵的流体力学分析计算,得出了分析计算方法。并用特征线解法计算了水波泵平均半径处一维非定常流动问题,对水波泵出入口的径向平衡问题也进行理论计算与分析。
2、首次完成了水波泵的结构型式及其机械制造工艺设计,并于2006年9月成功试制出水波泵,通过对水波泵进行的实验检测,对实验用水波泵存在的问题进行了必要的修改,从而完善了水波泵设计计算理论与机械制造技术。
3、对成功试制的水波泵,进行为期一年多的实验与改进研究,解决了实验过程中发现的一些问题,为优化和完善水波泵机械构设计,提供了许多有用的数据。
4、通过水波泵研制与实验测试,其实验结果初步验证了本文研究和采用的一维非定常流动的典型算例和水波泵设计计算流体力学理论与计算方法的正确性,为今后开展水波泵系列化工业用途研究,提供了理论基础与技术保障,尤其是还可以根据不同的用途选择不同的波型,为水波泵的广泛推广应用创造提供了可靠的条件。
5、研制的水波泵有效地克服了水锤泵与气波增压器的缺陷,在国际上将率先开发具有独立知识产权的新型水泵。
此外,水波泵设计结构简单,加工制造方便,运行性能优越于水锤泵。
It is well-known that the hydraulic ram pump, which was invented in the 18th century, is quite different from the traditional turbo pump in its function and action principle. So far as the function is concerned, the hydraulic ram pump does not require external work input, instead the high pressure stream is obtained through the energy inherent in the fluid flow; as for the action principle, the hydraulic ram pump achieves the objective of pressure increase and stream diversion by using the water hammer effect of the unsteady flow. The hydraulic ram pump has been widely applied to water lifting in mountain areas and agricultural irrigation etc in many countries (especially in Russia, U.S., England and China). However, because the hydraulic ram pump mainly depends on the periodic switch of two valves, it has many significant drawbacks, such as intermittent water supply, strong vibration, fragility, large occupied area, high maintenance frequency and so on, which make it difficult to satisfy the requirements of practical applications.
In this paper, a water wave pump, which can incessantly produce the water hammer effect and gain high pressure flows, has been successfully developed by combining the work principle and efficiency-energy transfer mode of the hydraulic ram pump and the pressure wave supercharger. Subsequently, a number of experiments were performed and many useful data were obtained. During the course of this research, following achievements have been made:
1. The theoretical foundation for the water wave pump, a new type of pump, has been proposed by using the principle of pressure wave of water hammer, the unsteady phenomenon of fluid flows. By analyzing the fluid dynamics involved in water wave pump, the methods for analysis and calculation were obtained. Furthermore, one-dimensional unsteady flow at the average radius of the water wave pump was calculated, and the problem for the radial equilibrium at the inlet and outlet of the water wave pump was also calculated and analyzed theoretically.
2. The technical design for structural type and machinery manufacture of the water wave pump was finished for the first time, and a prototype water wave pump was successfully produced in September 2006. By testing the water wave pump, necessary modification for the prototype was performed, and consequently the computational theory and techniques for machinery manufacture of the design of water wave pump were improved.
3. The experiments and improvement study for the prototype water wave pump had been performed for more than half a year, and some problems found during the experiments were solved, and a number of useful data for optimizing and improving the machinery structure of the water wave pump were provided.
4. The accuracy of the typical calculation cases for one-dimensional unsteady flow and the theory and calculation of computational fluid dynamics for design of the water wave pump, which were adopted in this paper, was proved initially by the results of developing and testing for the water wave pump, and it provided theoretical basis and technical guarantee for the future study for serialized industrial application of the water wave pump. Particularly, different wave type could be selected according to different purpose, and it provided a reliable condition for wide popularization and application of the water wave pump.
5. The disadvantages of the hydraulic ram pump and the pressure wave supercharger have been overcome by the developed water wave pump, and a new type of pump with independent intellectual property rights would be the first to be developed in the world.
In addition, the water wave pump is superior to the hydraulic ram pump in the operational performance for its simple designed structure and convenient manufacture.
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