摘要
近年来许多国家都在进行电力市场的改革，电力市场成为当今研究的一个热点。辅助服务是电力市场中必不可少的重要组成部分，是电力系统安全、稳定、高效运行的重要保证。本文主要针对电力市场中辅助服务问题中的无功服务和网损分摊等问题进行了研究。
无功服务是电力市场中不可或缺的一种服务。本文主要研究了无功服务中的无功定价和模糊无功优化问题。由于无功服务的特殊性，无功的定价问题比有功定价问题显得相对复杂。在分析总结了现有无功定价方法的基础上，提出了基于电流迭加法的无功定价新方法。该方法在某一的潮流运行点下，对电网进行等效，利用迭加原理，分别计算此时各电源对负荷的电流贡献，然后再求得其对负荷的功率贡献，最后依据成本分摊进行电价计算。该方法适用于存在环流的网络，有效地解决了发电机进相运行时生产的成本回收问题，并将负荷有功、无功电价计算有效地统一起来；它计算简单，实用性强。文中对此方法进行了详细的理论证明，完成算法程序的编写，最后以IEEE－14和IEEE－30 节点系统为例进行了仿真计算，验证了该方法的合理性。
利用电流迭加法进行了网损分摊的研究。该方法根据各电源对支路的使用程度计算各电源对各支路应承担的损耗，从而计算系统网损在电源中的分摊。根据电源对负荷的功率贡献因子计算电源和负荷分别承担网损及它们按比例承担时的系统网损分摊。该方法不仅能计算有功网损的分摊和而且能同时计算无功网损的分摊，计算简单、适应性强、符合电力市场中的实际情况。文中对此方法从理论上给予了证明，并进行了仿真计算。
针对负荷的不确定性，建立了电力市场中的模糊无功优化模型。该模型通过将模糊数引入到电力系统无功优化中，解决了负荷预测不确定情况下的优化问题，从而使电力市场中的无功优化更加符合实际，更加可信。采用模糊理论与遗传算法相结合的方法，有效地解决了非线性模糊优化问题的求解，得到了较好的效果。编写了求解算法程序，并针对一个实际地区的系统进行了仿真计算，得到了在不同负荷置信度水平下的优化结果。
In recent years, the deregulation of power system is carried out in some countries. The ancillary service is an important part of the power market. It is vital to the safety, stability and efficiency of power system. This paper discusses the reactive power service and the allocation of power losses.
Reactive power service is the indispensable service of power market. Pricing of reactive power and the fuzzy reactive power optimization are studied in this paper. Because of its specialties, the pricing of reactive power is more complex. This paper proposes a novel method for reactive power pricing. The superposition theorem is used to calculate the contributions of individual generators to loads in a given status and the active and reactive power price of loads is determined by cost apportioning. It is applicable to the network in which the circumfluence exists. Pricing of active and reactive power is integrated efficiently. The problem that how to recover the cost of the generators which operate in the under excitation condition is resolved successfully. The simplicity and practicability of the method is evidence. Finally with the IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus systems as the examples, the simulation computing is carried out. The validity and feasibility of the method is demonstrated by the results.
In this paper, the method of current superposition is used to allocate the power losses. The apportionment of each power source is calculated on the basis of its actual use of each branch. The losses allocation between the power sources and loads in certain proportion is calculated on the basis of the factor of contributions of individual generators to loads. Not only can the allocation of the active power losses but also that of the reactive power losses be calculated at the same time. The simplicity and good adapbility of the method is obvious. The rationality of the method is proved by the examples.
The model of the fuzzy reactive power optimization is established in order to consider the uncertainty of the loads. The fuzzy set is introduced into the reactive power optimization, so the optimization becomes more reasonable and practical. The fuzzy theory and the genetic algorithms are combined to solve the fuzzy nonlinear optimization problem. A real system is used as an example to test the method.
引文
[1] 于尔鏗 韩放等 <<电力市场>> 中国电力出版社 1999.4
[2] 谢开, 于尔铿, 刘广一, 宋永华. 电力市场中的输电服务(二). 电网技术. 1997, 21(4):58~63.
[3] R.HIRCONEN. Is there market for reactive power services-possibility and problems Session 2000, CIGER.
[4]谢开, 于尔铿, 刘广一, 宋永华. 电力市场中的输电服务(三). 电网技术. 1997, 21(5):62~66.
[5] Garng M. Hang, H. Zhang. Pricing of generator's reactive power delivery and voltage control in the unbundled environment. IEEE 2000 summer meeting.
[6] Shangyou Hao, Alex Papalexopoulos. Reactive power pricing and management. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems Feb 1997, 12(1):95~102.
[7] A.A.El-Keib, X.Ma. Calculating short-run marginal costs of active and reactive power production. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems May 1999, 12(2):559~565.
[8] N.H. Dandachi, M.J. Rawlins, O.Alsac. OPF for reactive pricing studies on the NGC system. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems Feb 1996, 12(1):226~232.
[9] Martin L.Baughman, Shams N. Siddiqi. Real-time pricing of reactive power: theory and case study result. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems Feb 1991, 6(1):23~29.
[10] 常宝波, 孙洪波. 新的基于最优潮流的有功无功一体化实时电价模型及算法. 重庆大学学报(自然科学版). Nov.1997 20(6):16~22.
[11] 常宝波, 孙洪波, 周家启. 新的实时有功无功电价模型及算法. 电网技术. 1997,21(10):62~65.
[12] 戴彦, 倪以信, 文福拴, 韩祯祥. 电力市场下的无功电价研究. 电力系统自动化. 2000, 24(5):9~14.
[13] Daniel Kirschen, Ron Allan, Goran Strbac. Construction of individual generator to loads and flow. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems Feb 1997, 12(1):52~60.
[14] 魏萍，倪以信，吴复立，陈珩 (Wei Ping，Ni yi-xin，Wu fu-li，Cheng Heng) 基于图论的输电线路功率组成和发电机与负荷功率输送关系的快速分析(Power Transfer Allocation For Open Access Using Graph Theory) 中国电机工程学报（Proceedings of Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering）2000，20(6):21~29.
[15] 戴彦, 倪以信, 文福拴, 韩祯祥. 基于潮流组成分析和成本分摊的无功功率电价. 电力系统自动化. 2000 21(9):13~17.
[16] Daniel Kirschen , Goran Strbac. Tracing active and reactive power between generations and loads using real and imaginary currents. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems Feb 1999, 14(4):1312~1319.
[17] J. Bialek. Tracing the flow of the electricity. IEE Proceedings-Generation Transmission Distribution. July,1996, 143(4):313~320.
[18] D.Chattopadhyay. K.Bhattacharya, Jyoti Parikh. Optimal reactive power planning and its spot-pricing: an integrated approach. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems Nov. 1997, 10(4):2014~2020.
[19] Caramanis M C， R.E.Bohn，and Schweppe F C，Spot Pricing of Electricity, IEEE Trans- action on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-101, No.9, September 1982, pp.3234 -3245.
[20] Abdul-Rahman K H, Shadidehpour S M. Appliaction of fuzzy sets to optimal reactive power planning with security constraints. IEEE Trans on Power Systems,1994;9(2)
[21] 谭建成，王佩璋. 电力系统无功综合优化的模糊数学解法. 中国电机工程学报，1990；10（增刊）
[22] Feng-Chang Lu and Yuan-Yih Hsu. Fuzzy Dynamic Programming Approach to Reactive Power/Voltage Control in a Distribution Substation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1997, 12(2): 681~688.
[23] Zadeh L A. Fuzzy set. Information Control,1965;8:338～353
[24]Terasawa Y, Iwamato S. Optimal power flow solution using fuzzy mathematical programming. Electrical Engineering in Japan,1988;108(3)
[25] K.H. Abdul-Rahman, S.M. Shahidehpour. Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch with Fuzzy Variables. IEEE Inter. Symposium on Circuit and Systems. 3-5 May, 1993, pp. 2188~2191.
[26] Abdul-Rahman K.H., Shahidehpour S.M., Daneshdoost M. An Approach To Optimal VAR Control With Fuzzy Reactive Loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1995, 10(1): 88~97.
[27] Mori, H and Tanaka, H. A genetiv approavh to power system topological observability. Int symp on Circuits and Systems, Singpore, 1141-1144, 1991.
[28] Holland, J.H. 1973. Schmata and Intrinsically Parallel Adaptation. Proc of the NFS Workshop on Learning System Theory and its Application, 43-46,1973.
[29] Holland, J.H. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1975.
[30] Gary, B and Chiang, H.D. Optimal capacitor pacement in distribution systems by GA. Electrical Power and Energy Systems,Vol 15, No 3, 1993.
[31] Kenji, I and Kobe. Reactive Power Optimization by GA. IEEE Trans. on P.S. Vol 9, No 2, May 1994.
[32] 杜正春, 夏道止. 输电系统网损的合理分摊. 电力系统自动化. Feb,2002, 26(4).
[33] 林曦, 顾锦汶. 用最优潮流计算转运费. 电力系统自动化. Apr,2000, 24(7).11~15.
[34] 蔡国兴, 郭从松. 基于潮流跟踪法的转运费用研究. 电机与控制学报. June, 2000, 4(2):122~124.
[35] 瞿昭, 江峰青, 骆敏等. 发电成本及网损分摊的潮流追踪法. 上海大学学报(自然科学版). Dec,1999, 5(6):496~500.
[36] Gomez Exposito A, Riquelme Santos J M, Gonzalez Garcia T,etal. Fair allocation of transmission of power losses. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 2000, 15(1):184~188.
[37] Mutale J, Strbac G, Curcic S，et al. Allocation of losses in distribution systems with Embedded Generation. IEE Proceedings-Generation Transmission Distribution. 2000, 147(1):7~14.
[38] Conejo A J, Galina F D. Z-bus loss allocation. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 2001,16(1):105~110.
[39] Gross G, Tao S. A Physical-flow-based Approach to allocating transmission losses in a trasaction framework. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 2000, 15(2):631~637.
[40] Galiana F D， Phelan M. Allocation of transmission losses to bilateral contracts in a competitive environment. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 2000, 15(1):143~150.
[41] Fradi A, Brignone S, Wollenberg B F. Calculation of energy transaction allocation factors. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 2001, 16(2):266~272.
[42] Kayer R J, Wu F F. Security pricing. IEEE on power systems. 1996,10(2).
[43] Firuzbad M F, Billinton R, Aboreshaid S. Spinning reserve allocation using response health analysis. IEE Proceedings-Generation Transmission Distribution. July,1996, 143(4):210~218.
[44] 程浩忠. 遗传算法在电力系统无功优化中的应用. 电工电能新技术. 1996.3:21~24.
[45] 刘宝碇, 赵瑞清. 随机规划与模糊规划. 北京，清华大学出版社, 1998
[46] David J.Kruglinski. Visual C++ 技术内幕. 清华大学出版社,1999.
[47] 陈亚民. 电力系统计算程序及其实现. 水利电力出版社,1995.
[48] 张伯明, 陈寿孙. 高等电力网络分析. 清华大学出版社, 1996.
[49] 运筹学教材编写组. 运筹学. 清华大学出版社, 1990.
[50] 方述诚, 汪定伟. 模糊数学与模糊优化. 科学技术出版社, 1997.
[51] 周双喜,蔡虎.应用于无功优化的改进遗传算法 电网技术.1997年.