摘要
在工程建设和矿山开采中,由于地下水开采量不断的增加,岩溶塌陷灾害日趋突出。塌陷灾害中,有岩溶引起的,有地下水冲刷引起的,也有采矿及排水引起的。无论何种情况,他们都是因地下被“掏空”后形成空洞,最后因顶板失稳而塌陷,导致地质灾害的发生。因此,如何利用物探方法发现尚未形成塌陷之前的溶腔或洞体的发育程度、空间规模,是本论文研究的主要目的。由于物探方法都具有其条件性、局限性、多解性。因此,合理地选择和运用一种或几种探测岩溶及土洞的物探方法,并对这些方法开展研究和评价,是本论文研究的主要内容。在对国内外的物探方法研究现状进行了详细归纳的基础上,分别对探地雷达(GPR)、钻孔电磁波法、电阻率法、浅层地震反射法、映像法和瑞雷面波法应用于洞室或空区勘探进行了分析,试图从理论上找出各自的优劣之处。
论文分析研究了岩溶及土洞的地质形成机理、岩溶塌陷的发育特征及形成机理,对岩溶塌陷和土洞的发育进行了分析,总结了岩溶及土洞孕育阶段和稳定阶段的地球物理特征,并列举了各种情况下的电性异常、波阻抗异常、介电常数异常的物探典型剖面。详细论述了电性差异方法中的高密度电阻率法的理论、勘察原理和装置；介电常数差异方法中的探地雷达法和钻孔电磁波法的基本原理和实际运用案例；波阻抗差异方法中的浅层地震反射法、映像法和瑞雷面波法的一般勘察原理和应用范围。经过分析和对比,最后对岩溶及土洞探测的方法进行了综合评述及遴选,确定了岩溶和土洞探测的最佳方法组合。本文还从岩溶和土洞的探测任务出发,制定了通常情况下要求达到的地质任务和技术要求,简要论述了物探方法的选择原则和物探工作布置原则,对开展高密度电法和高密度地震映像法要求的物探仪器及参数设定、一般技术规范作了要求,对物探资料处理及解释方法做了详细设计方面的论述。论文分别选取了两个典型工程案例进行分析：湘潭白石古莲城的工勘基础选型和湖南凤凰新大桥桥址地球物理勘察。验证了理论分析结果的合理和有效性。
In engineering construction and mine mining, because dewatering from underground unceasing increase, the karst collapse disaster is day by day prominent. In the collapse disaster, some of was caused by groundwater, karst scour cause, the other was caused by mining and drainage. Whatever the case, they were all for underground by "tunneling", and finally formed after empty, and then because of roof instability collapses, causing the geological disaster happening. So, how to use geophysical techniques found that has not been formed before the collapse of cavity or Dong Ti development degree, space scale, is the main purpose of this research. Because of geophysical techniques have its conditional, limitations, redudced, a reasonable choice and use one or several detecting karst and soil caves geophysical exploration methods and the methods of research and evaluation, is the main content of this paper. Based on detailed summary and analysis of geophysical exploration methods researches in domestic and abroad including respectively the GPR (GPR), borehole wave method, resistivity method, shallow earthquake reflection method, imaging method and rayleigh wave method, try to find out their respective merits theoretically applied in cavities or mined-out area,.
The author analyzed geological forming mechanism of karst and soil caves, the development of karst collapse features and forming mechanism, karst collapse and the development of soil caves. Summarizes the karst and soil hole embryonic stage and stable stage of geophysical characteristics, and listed under various conditions electrical differences abnormal, wave impedance abnormal, dielectric constant abnormal geophysical typical profile. A detailed discussion on the electrical method of the high density resistivity method of theory and its principle, installation; Dielectric constant difference method of GPR method and borehole wave method of the basic principle and practical use of case; Wave impedance differences method of shallow seismic reflection method and imaging method and Rayleigh wave method of general survey principle and application scope. Through analysis and comparison, finally to karst and soil caves detection methods are summarized and selection, determine the karst and soil caves the best combination method to detect. This paper also from karst and soil caves detection task departure, the normally requirements to geological tasks and technical requirements of geophysical techniques are formulated, briefly introduced the selection principle and geophysical prospecting work arrangement principle, carry out high-density electrical method and high density seismic imaging method requirements of the geophysical instruments and parameter setting, general specification of the requirements, geophysical data processing and interpretation methods to do a detailed design points. Papers were selected for two typical project cases were analyzed:GuLian city work xiangtan baishi survey base selection and hunan fenghuang new bridge are very geophysical survey. Theoretical analysis is verified the results of reasonable and effective.
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