摘要
近几年,伴随我国经济的快速发展,现代物流产业在社会经济发展中的地位日显突出。在国家相关部委的大力支持下,我国物流产业取得了长足发展,社会物流成本费用占国内总产值的比例逐年下降,我国物流企业也逐渐融入到国际物流市场的竞争中。虽然取得了这些明显进步,但物流企业效率低下仍是阻碍我国物流产业发展的主要瓶颈。
为分析我国物流企业现阶段生产率的发展状况及其影响因素,本研究以生产率理论为基础,利用数据包络法(DEA)和Tobit因素分析模型对我国物流企业的生产率及其影响因素进行了评价和研究。主要体现在:
①以生产率理论和服务业生产率理论为基础,探讨了物流企业生产率的形成机理,为评价物流企业生产率提供了理论基础。
②建立了物流企业生产率评价模型,对我国物流企业在2001-2007年的生产率进行了评价,发现我国物流企业生产率个体差异较大,缺乏有效的市场淘汰机制;同时利用DEA Windows技术综合评价了我国物流企业在2001-2007年的生产率,发现我国港口经营类企业的生产率水平高于运输仓储类企业,其中运输仓储类企业的年均生产率都保持在30%左右,平均生产率为30.52%,港口经营类企业保持在47%左右,平均生产率为47.02%,高于运输仓储类企业的效率水平,而总体样本的平均生产率为38.77%;另外对生产率的计算结果进行了稳健性分析,结果显示本研究所选变量求得的生产率值具有较高的稳定性。
③以服务业生产率测量理论为基础,利用Malmquist全要素生产率变化指数分析了我国物流企业2001-2007年的生产率发展状态。结果显示运输仓储类企业比港口经营类企业的生产率发展状态好,其中运输仓储类企业的全要素生产率总体上升了2.7%,而港口经营类企业相对于运输仓储类企业其生产率的总体发展趋势不容乐观,全要素生产率总体下降了1.2%;但就总体而言,2001-2007年期间我国物流企业的发展趋势较好,整体效率提高了0.4%;另外利用DEA Slacks模型对所选变量的松弛量进行了分析,结果显示了港口经营类企业相对与运输仓储类企业具有较大的固定资产和职工工资松弛变量,而运输仓储类企业相对于港口经营类企业来讲具有较大的主营业务成本余量,而输出变量利税总额可增加余量较小。
④利用Tobit模型对影响我国物流企业生产率的因素进行了定量分析。得出世界经济及贸易形式、我国经济与贸易形式、专业人才结构和管理效率是影响我国物流企业生产率的正相关因素;我国国内贸易量、企业所有制形式中的中央国有和地方国有、固定资产增长率和人均资产对其没有明显影响;而职工激励及努力程度对总体样本和运输仓储类企业的影响不明显,但能促进港口经营类企业的生产率;企业负债程度对总体样本和运输仓储类企业的影响明显,但呈负相关关系,但它能在一定程度上促进港口经营类企业的生产率;对管理者的激励程度能促进总体样本和港口经营类企业的生产率,但与运输仓储类企业具有负相关影响。
⑤对我国物流企业的规模、职工工资和主营业务成本与技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率之间的相关性,以及技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率三者之间的关系进行了研究。结果显示我国大型物流企业相对中小型物流企业不具备显著的效率优势,企业规模和生产率没有必然联系,同时,它们的规模效率不存在显著差异。另外,利用Lorenzn曲线和Gini系数分析了我国物流企业在生产资源上的分配情况,以及我国物流企业现阶段资产分布和生产率发展之间的平衡问题,结果显示了我国物流企业的资源分布严重失衡,它们技术效率的Gini系数为0.1293,纯技术效率为0.0868,规模效率为0.0772,而固定资产的达到了0.7705。
本研究在研究过程中给出了发展我国物流企业的相关建议和措施。
In the recent years,with the great development of Chinese economic,modern logistics industry become more and more important in social and economic development.With the supports of relational ministries,logistics industry has taken a remarkable development in our country,the ratio of social logistics costs to GDP has dropped gradually,at the same time,logistics enterprises in our country has also participated in the international market to compete with the international advanced logistics enterprises . Although it has taken a great progress , non-contrastive productivity is the main factor and bottleneck to interfere with the development of logistics industry and enterprises.
For analyze the development status quo of Chinese logistics enterprises productivity and the main factors which effect on them,we start from the theory of productivity,and utilize data envelopment analysis(DEA) to analyze the status quo of their productivity,and utilize Tobit model to analyze the main factors.Mainly focus on:
①From the theory of productivity and service industry productivity,it discussed the forming mechanism of productivity of logistics company,which provided theory basis for measuring productivity of logistics company.
②Build up the evaluating model of logistics companies productivity,and evaluated the productivities of Chinese logistics companies from year 2001 to 2007 from latitude and longitude respectively by this model,the results indicated that the productivities of them have obvious individual differences,and lack of an effective competitive mechanism in the logistics market.Whilst,productivities of them from year 2001 to 2007 are analyzed comparably by use of DEA Windows Analysis comprehensively,the results indicated the productivity of port operational enterprises is higher than transport and warehouse enterprises.Thereinto,transport and warehouse enterprises maintained an annual productivity of 30%,and its average productivity is 30.52%,whilst port operational enterprises maintain an annual productivity of 47%,and its average productivity is 47.02%,which is higher than the productivity of transport and warehouse enterprises.However,the average productivity of the overall sample is 38.77%.Else,it analyzed the stability of values of productivities,the results shown it has a high stability under the situation of this variables.
③From the point of measuring theory of service industry productivity,development trends of productivities of Chinese logistics enterprises from year 2001 to 2007 are analyzed by the use of Malmquist productivity change index.Results shown the development trends of transport and warehouse enterprises are better than that of port operational enterprises.Thereinto,the total factors productivity of transport and warehouse enterprises increased in 2.7%,but that of port operational enterprises is negative compared with transport and warehouse enterprises,their total factors productivity decreased in 1.2%.Overall,the development of Chinese logistics enterprises productivity is positive from year 2001 to 2007,the comprehensive productivity increased in 0.4%.Else,the slacks of variables are analyzed by use of DEA Slacks model and the result shown port operational enterprises have larger slacks of fixed assets and employee wages and less slacks of operational cost compare with transport and warehouse enterprises,while the slacks of outpu(tprofits before taxes) is smaller than that of inputs.
④The factors affecting productivities of logistics enterprises of our country are analyzed quantitatively by the use of Tobit model.It concluded that world economy and trade、domestic economy and trade、manpower structure of professional,and management efficiency are positive factors which can promote the development of productivity.However,Domestic trade、the ownership of enterprise、growth rate of fixed asset and per capita assets have no significant impact on productivity.On the other hand,the extent of effort and encourage of employee has no significant impact on productivity of total sample,and that of transport and warehouse enterprises,but it could promote the development of productivity of port operational enterprises.Else,liability has a significant negative effects on productivities of total samples,and that of transport and warehouse enterprises,however,it could promote the development of productivity of port operational enterprises in some extent.Finally,the incentive degree of Manages can promote the development of productivities of total samples and port operational enterprises,but it has a negative influence on that of transport and warehouse enterprises.
⑤It analyzed the relativity between scale,employee wages and operational cost and technical efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of Chinese logistics enterprises respectively,and also analyzed the relativity between technical efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency respectively.The results indicated the large-scale logistics enterprise have no any advantage than that of medium and small logistics enterprises in the productivity,and the productivity has no significant relationship with scale.At the same time,there is no significant differences of scale efficiency among them.Else,Lorenzn curve and Gini coefficient are used to analyze the distribution of productive resources of Chinese logistics enterprises and the balance between the distribution of productive resources and development of productivity.The results shown that there is a serious imbalance in the resource distribution of them,the Gini coefficient of technical efficiency is 0.1293,that of pure technical efficiency is 0.0868,and that of scale efficiency is 0.0772,however,that of fixed assets reached 0.7705.
Some suggestions and measures are proposed to promote the productivity of Chinese logistics enterprises in the process of this study.
引文
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