摘要
无线传感器网络(WSN)是由多学科高度交叉融合而形成的前沿性热点研究领域,它是实现环境智能和人工智能最好的技术手段之一。近几年,无线传感器网络的组网理论和实用技术一直受到研究人员的关注,相关研究成果也不断涌现。而作为无线传感器网络的重要研究对象,QoS性能指标体系是表征无线传感器网络相关理论与技术优劣的参数集。为了实现网络QoS指标的全面优化,本文在分析与总结国内外相关研究的基础上,对无线传感器网络跨层优化问题进行了深入地研究,主要研究内容和成果体现在以下几个方面：
针对无线传感器网络对应用技术需求的支持能力问题,研究网络QoS优化机制,分析QoS的体系结构和网络各协议层与QoS主要性能指标的相互作用和影响；在此基础上,提出打破传统分层理论的跨层优化设计方法,研究跨层模型的设计方法和求解策略。这些研究工作为WSN整体优化提出了新的研究方向和设计目标。
针对拥塞控制和能耗节约等具体的QoS技术要求,提出相关分层协议栈的改进算法。研究新的基于竞争窗口自适应调整机制的MAC协议算法,利用合理的退避窗口选择策略有效规避数据冲突问题；研究高效节能的分簇路由协议,利用最优检测范围的设计和基于节点密度的簇首选举方法,达到解决网络通信能耗的目的。
为实现网络QoS指标的合理优化与联合控制,研究基于功率控制的无线传感器网络跨层优化设计方法。根据节点地理位置信息和传输功率构建定向生成树路由模型,并基于概率分布能效最优化的思想研究路由中最优中继节点的选择机制。为了最大限度地延长网络生命周期,优化网络整体效能,结合生成树算法特点,提出了基于异步周期唤醒/休眠机制的MAC优化算法和基于网络负载均衡机制的拓扑控制方法。
针对无线传感器网络的整体QoS效能优化问题,提出了反映网络全局资源和控制情况的网络效能最大化约束(NUM)模型。基于对节点传输速率和传输功率的联合控制进一步提出了网络效能最大化跨层协议(NUM-CL)。通过对网络拥塞控制进行的理论研究与推导,提出基于拉格朗日对偶函数的约束模型转化和求解方法,实现了多目标优化函数向单目标函数的转化,为实现网络全局的优化和调度提供理论和技术上的支持。
针对无线传感器网络无线链路的不可靠性,研究分析实现数据可靠性传输的方案和策略。基于跨层优化设计思想和节点协作机制,提出了基于节点协作的多路径传输算法,通过选择最优中继节点并建立转发节点簇的方法,为无线传感器网络提供了可靠的端到端数据传输,并很好地提升了网络的整体QOS性能。
本文在系统分析研究面向QoS优化网络跨层协议问题外,还对相关的算法和方案进行了算法实现和仿真实验。通过对仿真结果的分析,归纳和总结了跨层优化设计的特点和优势,证明了本文所提出的跨层优化方法的有效性和先进性。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a frontier research field which is formed by a high degree of multi-disciplinary integration; it is one of the best technologies to realize Ambient Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence. In recent years, the networking theory and practical techniques are becoming a study focus with the emergence of many related research achievements. As an important research object of WSN, the QoS performance index system is a parameter set which can evaluate the performance of the networking theory and techniques. To get a comprehensive optimization of QoS index, a thorough study is done on the cross-layer optimization of WSN, the major research contents and productions are shown in the following areas:
For the issues of the WSN's support ability to the requirements of the application techniques, optimization mechanism of network QoS is studied, the QoS's structure and the relationship between each protocol layer of network and major QoS index are emphatically analyzed. On this basis, new research direction and design task are given for the WSN's global optimization by proposing a cross-layer optimized design method, which is different from the traditional stratification theory. Moreover, the design methods and solving strategy of the cross-layer model are also studied. All of these works provide the global optimization of WSN with novel research direction and design objective.
Regarding the QoS technique requirements to congestion controlling and energy consumption reducing, a new improved algorithm of layered protocol stack is proposed. Research on new MAC protocol algorithm of opportunity adaptive competition mechanism is done. To avoid the data conflict questions, a reasonable backoff window selection strategy is used. Cluster-based routing protocol with high efficiency energy saving is studied; the design method of the optimal detection scope and the node density based algorithm of cluster head selection is used to reduce the network communication energy consumption.
To achieve the optimization and jointed control of network QoS performance, the power control based cross-layer optimization design method of WSN is studied. The directional spanning tree routing model is constructed according to the geographical information and transmission power of the nodes; furthermore, study on the optimal intermediate nodes selection mechanism based on the conception of probability distribution energy consumption optimization. To prolong the networks life circle to a maximum extent, optimize the network's performance, the MAC optimization algorithm based on asynchronous periodicity awake/dormancy mechanism and topology control method based on network loading equilibrium mechanism are studied according to the characteristics of spanning tree.
For the technical requirements of the global optimization of network, Network Utility Maximum (NUM) constrained model that reflects global resource and control of network is proposed. Based on the jointed control of transmission rate and power, a Network Utility Maximum based cross-layer protocol is proposed further. According to the theoretic analysis and derivation of network congestion control, the Lagrangian Dual Function based model converting and solving mechanism is discussed to convert multi-objective function to single objective function, and provide more theoretical and technical support to global optimization and schedule of network.
In order to resolve the unreliability of wireless link in WSN, the corresponding scenarios of reliable data transmission are analyzed. Based on the cross-layer conception and nodes cooperation mechanism, a node cooperation based multi-path transmission algorithm is proposed. Furthermore, by the selection of optimal intermediate node and a constructed strategy of relaying nodes-cluster, the algorithm enables the end-to-end data transmission of WSN to be more reliable and accurate, and improves the global QoS performance of WSN significantly.
Besides study on QoS optimization oriented network cross-layer protocol, algorithm realization and simulation experiment are done in the dissertation. Through analyzing the simulation result, the characteristics and advantages of cross-layer optimized design have been summarized, and the proposed cross-layer optimization mechanisms in the dissertation have been verified to be available and advanced.
引文
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