摘要
近年来，由于能源短缺，国家鼓励节能减排技术与清洁能源的发展，使一种经济环保、高效节能的新型空调技术——地源热泵在我国迅速发展壮大起来。同时，许多学者也开始对地源热泵进行了不断深入的研究，主要集中在地下埋管换热器（BHE）的传热模型和传热机理、过程参数的模拟、能源互补联合应用以及工质等研究上。然而，在地源热泵的控制策略及优化运行方法上较为欠缺。因此，本文将现代控制理论方法、非线性优化方法与地源热泵技术相结合，研究融合先进控制技术的地源热泵控制系统，并对该系统的运行过程、节能效果等进行了全面的分析和研究。
本文以现代控制理论为基础，提出了带前馈的地源热泵能量调节智能控制策略，并对该策略的实现方法进行了详细的分析。采用机理分析与实验相结合的方法，完整的建立了地源热泵控制系统的仿真模型，并搭建了地源热泵系统及智能控制系统实验台。在设定值变化、流量干扰、频率放大系数突变条件下对地源热泵供水温度进行了控制仿真与实验研究。结果表明：当设定值变化时，变速积分PID控制比模糊控制的超调量大，调节时间更短，且模糊控制最终存在稳态偏差；流量干扰下，加入前馈后两种控制策略的控制性能都得到很大提高；当频率放大系数变化时，模糊控制逐渐产生发散的非稳定控制状态，而变速积分PID表现出了较好的鲁棒性。
同常规控制系统的对照研究表明：在前馈-反馈的控制策略下，地源热泵控制性能显著提高。空调末端存在较大的负荷波动时，系统的供水温度波动幅度能够保持在1.0℃以内（常规控制为3.4℃），空调室内平均温度能够保持在24.4~25.9℃（常规控制为23.1~26.1℃）。因此，前馈-反馈的控制策略表现出了良好的抗干扰性与动态响应特性，控制输出的稳定性及响应迅速性远超过常规地源热泵空调系统。
在负荷预测的基础上，提出了地源热泵与蓄能耦合系统的优化运行控制方法，详细分析了该方法的实现过程。根据本文建立的系统实验台，对该方法进行了实验验证。研究发现：优化运行控制的作用显著，可以较明显地降低运行成本，日运行费用的节省比例达到20%以上，运行效率显著提高（系统的COP由3.0提高至4.5左右），减少了运行能耗。
根据建立的实验系统，研究了地源热泵的三种典型运行状态：地源与太阳能耦合运行模式、蓄能运行模式及独立地源热泵运行模式。在进行性能分析、环境影响、能源结构、能分析与火用分析的基础上，得出：(1)地源与太阳能耦合运行时，太阳能对提高热泵系统效率的短期效果不明显，主要作用在于保持系统长期运行的高效性及稳定性；(2)水蓄能装置的内部结构可直接影响分层效果，是影响蓄能过程综合效率的一个重要因素；(3)地源热泵循环中能量传递效率最高的环节是BHE中热交换过程（效率可达96.1%），但火用效率却最低（火用效率仅为7.2%）。在进行系统设计时，需要综合考虑这两种效率对于整个系统的影响。
In recent years, the state encourages the development of energy–savingtechnology and clean energy replying to the energy shortage, which has made a highperformance and environment–friendly air conditioning technology—geothermal heatpump (GHP) to grow quickly in China. At the same time, many researchers havebegun to conduct in–depth study on GHP. Most of current studies of GHP focus onthe heat transfer model and mechanism of the borehole heat exchanger (BHE),simulation of the process parameters, combined application under complementaryenergy sources and development of alternative refrigerants. However, the research ofcontrol strategy and optimization operation on GHP is rarely seen. Therefore, we havestudied a GHP system integrated with advanced control technologies based on moderncontrol theory methods and nonlinear optimization methods. Also, a comprehensiveanalysis and study on the running process and energy saving effect of this system hasbeen done.
A feedforward GHP energy–regulation control strategy is proposed on the basisof modern control theory. A detailed analysis of implementation method on thiscontrol strategy is also carried out. Then the experiment system of GHP and thematched intelligent control system are established. A dynamic simulation model ofGHP has been developed by using mechanism modeling and experiment modelingmethods. Simulation and experimental studies were conducted on water supplytemperature of GHP under the conditions of setpoint changes, flow rate disturbancesand abrupt changes of frequency multiplication coefficient. The results show that, theovershoot of gearshift integral PID controller is higher, the regulation time ofgearshift integral PID controller is less than that of fuzzy controller as the setpointmakes a change. And there is a the steady-state deviation of the water supplytemperature under the fuzzy control. The control performance of the two controlmodes has been improved significantly with the help of feedforward strategy. Thefuzzy controller will be in unstable state gradually while gearshift integral PIDcontroller has good robustness with the abrupt changes of frequency multiplicationcoefficient.
It has also shown that the feedforward-feedback control strategy makes the GHP control performance improve significantly. The water supply temperature of GHP cankeep within a variation of0~1.0℃in a big terminal cooling/heating load fluctuation,in comparison to0~3.4℃under conventional control strategy. The mean indoortemperature under the feedforward-feedback control strategy is kept in24.4~25.9℃,in comparison to23.1~26.1℃under conventional control strategy. Therefore, thefeedforward-feedback control strategy provides a good noise immunity and dynamicresponse characteristics. Moreover, the stability and response speed of control outputare superior to the GHP system with conventional control strategy.
An optimized operation method is developed for the GHP system in combinationwith energy storage device on the basis of load forecasting. And the implementationprocess of this method is described in detail. Experimental validation has been carriedout from a small load system established at Tianjin University. It is found that a lot ofrunning costs can be reduced and the saving ratio to daily running cost can be morethan20%. Also the COP of the system rises to4.5from3.0, which will make theenergy consumption decrease significantly.
Based on the experimental system, three typical operation modes areinvestigated, They are: geothermal and solar coupling operation mode, energy storageoperation mode and independent geothermal heat pump operation mode. Through theanalysis on performance, environmental influence, energy structure and exergyefficiency of the system, the conclusions are as follows:
(1) The short–term effect of solar on improving the COP of the heat pumpsystem is not obvious when it is geothermal and solar coupling operation mode. Thesolar plays an important role in maintaining the high efficiency and stability of thesystem during long-term operation.(2) The internal structure of the water thermalstorage device is an important factor to affect the overall efficiency of the energystorage process.(3) The highest energy efficiency link of the system is the heatexchange process in BHE (Energy efficiency of which is96.1%). However, thisprocess has the lowest exergy efficiency (Exergy efficiency of which is7.2%).Therefore, the effects of energy and exergy efficiency to the whole system need to betaken into consideration when the system is designed.
引文
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