摘要
联合国教科文组织制定的《保护世界文化与自然遗产公约》(下称《公约》)是最具普遍性的国际文化遗产保护工具。《实施世界遗产公约的操作指南》(下称《操作指南》)中含有评价世界遗产“突出的普遍价值”的标准(下称“标准”),30年来不断修订,反映出世界遗产保护运动的发展轨迹。
本文以《操作指南》中文化遗产标准的修订为切入点,通过对30个版本的《操作指南》及背景文件的研究,阐明标准变化的原因、方式和效果,探讨标准修订的未来和意义,并反思标准修订过程给中国世界遗产保护工作的启示。
本文明确提出,标准修订的根本原因是教科文组织要促进世界和平的目标:它为促进人类团结,强调《世界遗产名录》(下称《名录》)的代表性;为识别人类普遍认可的价值观,推动世界遗产领域对突出的普遍价值概念不断阐释;为回应不同时代的挑战,推动文化遗产定义的扩展。标准修订的直接原因是《名录》的建立:分析《名录》对不同文化和地区的代表性,反思突出的普遍价值概念,评价缔约国特殊的申报案例都可能导致标准的修订。特定时代的影响,包括社会背景、遗产保护及相关学科观念的发展是导致标准修订的外围原因。
本文将标准修订的历程分为四个阶段,分析上述因素对标准修订的影响方式及结果,发现有一致的根本原因、共同的变化方式、不同的修订内容、前后的传承关系。标准修订改善了《名录》的代表性,阐释了《公约》中的突出的普遍价值概念,拓展了《公约》中文化遗产的定义。标准修订过程必然存在矛盾和困难。未来,标准将继续修订,使《公约》在新的时代继续发挥作用。
突出的普遍价值是人赋予的,是相对的、变化的。标准是相关者对特定时代的问题的创造性回应,是永不完结的再创造的过程。它对于教科文组织、遗产保护专业领域、缔约国具有不同的意义。中国尚未充分参与标准的修订过程。中国的申报历程反映出对标准的转变把握不够准确。未来,中国可以参与标准修订来更好的阐释自己的文化特性,改善《名录》的代表性,把世界遗产保护运动的目标和国内遗产地的可持续发展结合在一起。
The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (the“Convention”) adapted by UNESCO is the most popular method to protect international culture heritages. The continuous revisions of the criteria to evaluate the Outstanding Universal Value (the“OUV”) of the world heritages (the“Criteria”) in The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention(the“Operational Guidelines”) reflects the development of the World Heritage Movement.
This paper studied the revisions of the criteria of culture heritages in the Operational Guidelines. By exploring 30 revisions of the Operational Guidelines and the background records, it illustrated the reasons, methods and effects of the revisions of the criteria and discussed the meanings and possible future revisions of the criteria. It reconsidered the lessons China can learn from this process.
The essential driven factor for the revisions is the mission of UNESCO, to contribution to world peace. The direct reasons are to establish the World Heritage List (the“List”), analyze the representativeness of the List, reconsider the concept of the OUV and adapt to the special application cases from the State Parties. The influences from the specific era including the social contexts and the development of the conversation related disciplines are the extrinsic reasons for the revision.
This paper broke the revision process into four periods, analyzed the influences from the above factors in each period and disclosed the consistencies among the periods. The revisions of the Criteria improved the representativeness of the List, illustrated the concept of OUV in the Convention, and expanded the definition of the culture heritage in the Convention.
The OUV is endowed by human. It’s relative and forever changing. The Criteria is the creative response for the issues in the specific ear from the stakeholders. It’s a continuous renewal process.
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