中央级农业科研单位保障经费需求研究
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摘要
1999年,按照分类改革的要求中央级农业科研单位被机械地划分为非盈利、拟转企和农业事业单位,这些不同性质的农业科研单位在获得国家财政支持时大相径庭,与农业院校和地方农业科研单位相比,财政保障的程度有明显差距。中央级农业科研单位改革虽实行多年,但仍未捋顺,财政投入仍欠严谨和科学,导致需要财政大力扶持的中央级农业科研单位运行困难,陷入改革与挣扎的困境,严重影响和制约了农业科研资源的效力发挥和科技贡献率的提高。面对我国在21世纪前期全面建成小康社会、实现强国富民“中国梦”的发展际遇和我国农业发展面临的巨大挑战,如何建立科学的保障性经费的财政投入机制,充分调动和发挥中央级农业科研单位的优势和潜力,是具有重要的理论和现实意义的命题。
     本文以经济增长理论、公共产品理论、政府公共选择理论和公共投资优化配置理论为指导,利用文献分析和典型调研法分析了我国农业科研经费投入的现状和投入体制和机制问题;运用定性分析和定量分析相结合的方法确定了保障性经费的最佳投入比例,研究了农业科研经费如何保障和保障多少的问题;采用函数分析、实证分析与规范分析相结合的方法预测了未来十年我国中央级农业科研单位保障性经费的需求数量,并对其三类保障性经费即机构运行费、基本科研业务费、修缮购置专项的需求数量和构成做了详细测算。
     本文系统地对中央级农业科研单位保障经费需求数量进行了量化研究,并基于未来我国农业发展需要达到的科技贡献率构建模型和测算三院财政投入的保障性经费需求数量,在此基础上对保障性经费的三项组成分别进行了研究。通过研究发现,三院公用经费严重短缺,人员经费次之,四年来公用经费缺口在财政投入的十倍左右,人员经费缺口在财政投入的二倍以上。财政投入结构失衡,竞争性经费占比太大严重影响了农业科研的连续性和稳定性。根据测算,保障性经费和竞争性经费的比例最好控制在6:4。
     中央级农业科研单位作为从事全国重大的农业基础科学研究、为社会提供公益产品和提升农业科技创新能力的国家队,其公益性定位必须明确和加强,而加大财政投入,充足保障中央级农业科研单位的经费需求,能够大力夯实农业科研基础研究,为解决我国农业生产中重大的共性问题,最终推动农业产业化进程有着重大意义。通过上述研究,也可为中央级农业科研单位获得充足有效的财政保障提供理论依据,为国家简化投资渠道、长效稳定地支持农业基础研究提供可行性方案。
According to the requirements of the classification reform in China, the central-level agriculturalresearch institutes were mechanically divided into different institutes including non-profit, enterprisesand agriculture business units in1999. However, financial supports for these agricultural researchinstitutes obtained from the national government were very different from each other because of theirdifferent types, and were obvious differences compared with agricultural colleges and local agriculturalresearch institutes from the aspects of their financial securities. The reform of each central-levelagricultural institutes has been conducted for years, but it is not yet smooth implementation. Somecentral-level agricultural institutes in need of financial supports face many difficulties, even fall intopredicaments of reforms owe to imperfect and unscientific financial investments, which has seriouslyaffected and restricted the effectiveness of the agricultural scientific resources and the growth of thecontribution rate of agricultural science and technology. In the face of development opportunities ofbuilding up a well-off society and realizing the dreams of strengthening our country and making ourpeople affluent, as well as great challenges of agricultural developments in the early21st century, howto create a scientific financial investment mechanism of affordable funding for central agriculturalresearch institutes and fully take advantages of the potentials from central-level agricultural researchinstitutes is a topic of great theoretical and practical significance.
     Based on the theories of economic growth, public goods, public government selection andoptimized allocation of pubic investment, the author analyzes the status and mechanism of agriculturalresearch investments using the methods of literature review and site investigation, the optimumproportions of security funds investments with qualitative and quantitative analysis, the measures andquantities to guarantee agricultural research funding, and forecasts the quantities of guarantee funds ofcentral-level agricultural scientific research institutions in the next decades using function analysis,empirical and normative analysis. Finally, the author gives a detailed calculation on the demand amountand construction of three kinds of basic costs including basic operation funds, fundamental researchfunds and repairing and purchasing funds.
     The requirement amount of guarantee funds in the central-level agricultural research institutes issystematically studied by quantitative analysis, and the quantity required on guarantee funding offinancial investment of central-level agricultural research institutes is predicted through the model builtaccording to the contribution rate of science and technology to fulfill the future agriculture developmentin China. We study three parts of guarantee funds respectively. After detailing research, the results showthat the public funding is the most serious shortage and the outlay of stuff is the second. Actual spendingkeeps on increasing every year, but the increment ratios of financial allocation are slower. The gap ofpublic funding is10times more than a financial investment, and the gap of the outlay of stuff is twotimes more than a financial investment. The construction of agricultural research investment is veryimbalance, and the proportion of competitive funds is too big. Unbalanced financial input prevents the continuity and stability of agricultural scientific research. According to calculation, the best proportionof the guarantee fund to competitive fund is6:4.
     Central-level agricultural research institutes are national teams of working on important basicresearches, providing public goods to society, and promoting the capacity of agricultural technologicalinnovation, so that their public positions must be enhanced. Meanwhile, increasing financial investment,and providing adequate funds for central-level agricultural research institutes can vigorously lay thefoundation of agricultural research, which has great significance for solving great common problems ofagricultural production and pushing forward the progress of agricultural industrialization. Through theabove research, it can provide an effective solution for simplifying the investment channel of nationalfinance and supporting agricultural basic research steady development in China.
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