摘要
野木瓜为木通科(Lardizabalaceae)野木瓜属植物，拉丁学名Stauntonia chinensis DC.。常绿木质藤本。为我国常用中药。临床主要应用于镇痛抗炎，辅助麻醉。
本论文，用小鼠醋酸扭体模型评价了野木瓜藤茎60％醇提物的镇痛活性，显示出较好的镇痛活性。并进一步用该模型对野木瓜藤茎60％醇提物的溶剂萃取各部分进行了活性评价，结果表明正丁醇层为主要的活性部位。
通过系统分离，我们将正丁醇层分成若干个标准馏分，对其中主要馏分建立了指纹图谱，从中运用现代色谱分离手段分离纯化得到43个化合物，通过现代波谱学手段和化学方法鉴定了它们的结构，据此对指纹图谱的主要色谱峰进行了确切指认，并结合LC—MS技术，对指纹图谱中的微量成分进行了推测。
化合物分为四个类型：五环三萜皂苷，异绿原酸类化合物，木脂素类成分和黄酮类成分。五环三萜皂苷是这些馏份的主要成分，苷元主要有三种类型30位降甲基齐墩果酸，长春藤皂苷元和30位降甲基长春藤皂苷元；糖链一般是由葡萄糖，鼠李糖，阿拉伯糖，木糖，半乳糖，葡萄糖醛酸组成，糖链大小在3糖到9糖之间，以4糖皂苷，5糖皂苷和6糖皂苷为多。其中未见文献报道的新皂苷26个，命名为Stauntoside A---Stauntoside Z。异绿原酸类化合物在该属中首次分离得到，分离鉴定了2个这类成分，对其他的这类成分用液质联用技术进行了推测。
在系统研究了奎宁酸二苯丙酰酯类化合物和野木瓜皂苷电喷雾离子阱多极质谱的裂解规律基础上，对野木瓜中的这两类成分进行了快速检识和鉴定。
单体化合物正在进行镇痛，抗炎相关的活性评价。其中，利用刀豆蛋白(Con A)刺激小鼠脾细胞增殖的模型，观察了部分化合物对T淋巴细胞增殖和活化的影响，结果表明其中一些化合物(化合物6-7，13-15，18，20-23，27-25，36，38，42)表现出一定的免疫抑制活性。在对部分化合物抑制肥大细胞释放组胺的活性评价中，异绿原酸类成分表现出强的抑制肥大细胞释放组胺的活性。
本论文通过对近200株采自海南文昌的红树林真菌的发酵产物的细胞毒活性的筛选，得到8株具有强细胞毒活性的菌株。这些菌株的菌体浸提物显示与临床应用的抗肿瘤药物丝裂霉素相当的细胞毒活性，且其对肿瘤细胞的抑制活性表现出良好的剂量关系。
本论文对其中一株活性真菌094811(泡盛酒曲霉Aspergillus awamori)进行了大量发酵，在细胞毒活性测试(MTT法)的指导下，对菌丝体的细胞毒成分进行了研究。运用现代色谱分离手段从活性部位得到一系列多羟基取代的细胞毒甾类化合物，这些已知的多羟基取代甾类化合物，均有不同程度的抑制肿瘤细胞的活性报道，新甾体的抗肿瘤活性正在评价中。
通过现代波谱学手段，从真菌094811发酵产物中共鉴定27个化合物，其中甾类成分15个，属多羟基甾醇及其脂肪酸酯，6个新化合物均为多羟基甾醇脂肪酸酯，此外也得到了相关脂肪酸及其甘油单酯。还鉴定了一系列环二肽和核苷类成分。
Stauntonia chinensis DC. (Lardizabalaceae), an evergreen herb, commonly known as "Ye Mu Gua", has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine, especially for analgesic, sedative and anti-inflammatory purposes.The 60% EtOH extract of the rattan of the plant exhibited analgesic effect, evaluated by the acetic acid twisting method. Farther study showed that the n-BuOH soluble fraction of the 60% EtOH extract was responsible for the analgesic effectBy systematic isolation, the n-BuOH soluble fraction was divided into several sub-fractions. The finger prints were established for the major subtractions. The major components of the major subtractions were isolated by chromatography methods, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Thus, the major peaks in the finger prints were identified unambiguously. And the minor peaks were deduced by the technology of LC-MS.The compounds from the major subtractions are classified as pentacyclic triterpenoids, isochlorogenic acid analogs, lignanoids, flavonoids. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are the major components, the most aglycones of which are akebonic acid, hederagenin, 30-norhederagenin; and the sugar moieties of which are composed of glucopyranose, rhamnopyranose, arabinopyranose, xylopyranose, galactopyranose, glucopyranuronic acid; and twenty-six pentacyclic triterpenoids of which are new compounds, named Stauntoside A—Stauntoside Z. Isochlorogenic acid analogs are isolated for the first time from Stauntonia chinensis DC.The character of the ESI- MS~n of the isochlorogenic acid analogs and the triterpenoids was investigated, based on which the methods of rapid analysis for the isochlorogenic acid analogs and the triterpenoids were established.The analgesic, sedative and anti-inflammatory effects of the pure compounds are undergoing. Compounds 6-7, 13-13, 18, 20-23, 27-28, 36, 38, 42 exhibited the inhibitory activity on T lymphocyte proliferation derived from Con A, which may be responsible to anti-inflammatory effects of Stauntonia chinensis to some extent Furthermore the isochlorogenic acid analogs exhibited the potent inhibitory activity on the release of the histamine of mast cells.
In our searching for bioactive agents from the sea, About 200 fungi strains were collected from mangrove area at Wenchang, Hainan Province. Cytotoxic screening of the extracts of their mycelia presented 8 mangrove fungi exhibiting potent cytotoxic activities.
A strain exhibiting potent cytotoxic activity, No. 094811(Aspergillus awamori), was fermented and the acetone extract of the mycelia was isolated. The inhibitory activities on B 16 cell line proliferation of the fractions from the acetone extract of the mycelia of Aspergillus awamori were assayed by MTT method. Several (Give a number) bioactive polyhydroxysterols from the active fractions were isolated by chromatography methods. These known sterols have been reported to exhibit inhibitory activities on cancer cell line proliferation. The inhibitory activities on cancer cell line proliferation of new compounds are undergoing.
Up to now, 27 compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Fifteen compounds were polyhydroxysterols and polyhydroxysterol fatty acid esters, of which all six new compounds were polyhydroxysterol fatty acid esters and the related fatty acids and monoglyceride were also identified. Besides, a series of Cyclic dipeptides and nucleosides were isolated and idenfied.
引文
1 杨增泉．夏晨．“四联疗法”治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效观察．人民军医，2003，46(10)：569-570
2 吴迎星，顾亚夫，王海英，赵英，王新宇．野木瓜与地塞米松等合用行骶管超容量填充法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床观察．解放军药学学报，2002，18(3)：191-192
3 曾天明．穴位注射治疗颈椎综合征263例．新中医，1997，29(4)：28-29
4 孔庆歆．穴注野木瓜治疗腰椎骨质增生108例疗效观察．云南中医中药杂志．2003，24(3)：29
5 郑典锋．针刺腰夹脊穴配合穴位注射治疗腰腿痛60例．陕西中医．1998，19(9)：418
6 何健民．链霉素与野木瓜片结合治疗三叉神经痛．甘肃科技，1998，(1)：48
7 刘悦，章小平，陈景亮．针刺治疗偏头痛的疗效观察．上海针灸杂志，2002，21(2)：24-25
8 李小卫．野木瓜穴位注射治疗肌紧张性头痛的临床观察及护理．医学文选，2000，19(3)：339-340
9 陈和吉．野木瓜穴位注射治疗坐骨神经痛144例．人民军医，1991，(5)：49-50
10 刘振峰．野木瓜液穴位注射的临床应用．针灸临床杂志，1999，15(4)：34-35
11 建敏，杨震玲，王秋梅，何承．野木瓜用于术后镇痛的疗效．中国新药与临床杂志，2002．21(6)：363-364
12 薛勤，刘云，米娜．野木瓜在人工流产术中的镇痛作用．新疆医科大学学报，2001，24(3)：285
13 吴淑兰，彭慧．野木瓜注射液用于术后镇痛72例．医药导报，2002，21(9)：570
14 范天仁，马慧丽，刘振国，王绍明．精制野木瓜注射液辅助麻醉用于胆囊切除术效果观察．山东医药，2002，42(3)：54
15 宋理萍．艾灸结合穴位注射治疗肱骨外上髁炎50 例疗效观察．新中医，2003，35(4)：48-49
16 吴鞠卿．野木瓜针穴注治疗网球肘98例．浙江中医学院学报，1994，18(3)：48
17 张孝友，谭毓治，赵诗云．野木瓜片镇痛抗炎作用的实验研究．广东药学院学报，1998，14(3)：195-196
18 彭小莉，高喜玲，陈军，黄熙，陈会生．鸡矢藤注射液和野木瓜注射液对大鼠足底皮下化学组织损伤诱致自发痛、痛敏和炎症的作用．Acta Physiologica Sinica, 2003，55(5)：516-524
19 叶文博，刘强，叶青，卢碧林．野木瓜注射液对大鼠隐神经传导的影响．中草药，1995，26(1)：20-21
20 叶文博，刘强．李晶．野木瓜注射液对爪蟾坐骨神经传导的影响．上海师范大学学报(自然科学版)，1995，24(3)：64-68
21 叶文博，薛韶萍，李劲野．木瓜注射液对牛蛙坐骨神经传导的影响．上海师范大学学报(自然利学版)，1997，26(4)：49-53
22 叶文博，戴素梅，姜芳．野木瓜注射液对大鼠隐神经内的轴膜和髓鞘的影响．神经解剖学杂志．1999，15(4)：390-392
23 叶文博，张慧绮，金荣华．野木瓜皂甙对大鼠神经髓鞘和轴突膜的作用．神经解剖学杂志，2003，19(3)：311-316
24 文博，金荣华，胡刚，周霞红．野木瓜注射液阻滞神经传导．上海师范大学学报(自 然科学版)，2002，31(4)：71-74
25 曹弃元，李永强，陈成钦，伍于珍，梁健雄．复方丹参、地龙、野木瓜对体外培养的人鼻咽癌细胞的放射增敏作用．癌症，1993，12(2)：131-133
26 陈成钦．卢泰祥，伍于珍，闵华庆，蔡名点，古模发，冼超贵．地龙、复方丹参、野木瓜对鼻咽癌放射增敏的前瞻性研究．(附557例疗效分析)．中国肿瘤临床，1996，23(7)：483-485
27 孙宪启．中草药镇痛有效成分野木瓜黄酮甙的电化学行为研究 上海师范大学．物理化学硕士论文 2004，(4)
28 Watanabe, Shuji; Tamai, Masaharu; Okuyama, Shigeru; Kitsukawa, Sanae; Omura, Sadafumi. Extraction of analgesic lignan from aplant. JP 01290693 A2 19891122 Heisei.
29 Watanabe, Shuji; Tamai, Masaharu; Okuyama, Shigeru; Kitsukawa, Sanae; Omura, Sadafumi. Extraction of lignan as inflammation inhibitor from plant. JP 01290694 A2 19891122 Heisei.
30 Wan, Hoai Bin; Ju, Doo Chuan; Lian, Shao Teien; Watanabe, Shuji; Tamai, Masaharu; Okuyama, Shigeru; Kitsukawa, Sanae; Omura, Sadafumi. A lignan compound as an analgesic. JP 01242596 A2 19890927 Heisei.
31 Wan, Hoai Bin; Ju, Doo Chuan; Lian, Shao Teien; Watanabe, Shuji; Tamai, Masaharu; Omura, Sadafumi. Yemuoside saponins for protection of liver cells. JP 01242595 A2 19890927 Heisei
32 Wang, H. B.; Yu, D. Q.; Liang, X. T.; Watanabe, N.; Tamai, M.; Omura, S. The structures of yemuoside YM10 and YM12 from Stauntonia chinensis. Yaoxue Xuebao (1989), 24(6), 444-51.
33 Wang, Huaibin; Yu, Dequan; Liang, Xiaotian; Watanabe, N.; Tamai, M.; Oki, S. Two flavonoid glycosides from Chinese stauntonvine (Stauntonia chinensis). Zhongcaoyao (1992), 23(11), 567-9.
34 Wang, Huaibin; Yu, Dequan; Liang, Xiaotian; Watanabe, Naoharu; Tamai, Masaharu; Omura, Sadafumi. Yemuoside YM7, YM11, YM13, and YM14: four nortriterpenoid saponins from Stauntonia chinensis. Planta Medica (1989), 55(3), 303-6.
35 Wang, Huai Bin; Yu, De Quan; Liang, Xiao Tian; Watanabe, Naoharu; Tamai, Masaharu; Omura, Sadafumi. The structures of two lignan glycosides from Stauntonia chinensis. Journal of Natural Products (1989), 52(2), 342-5.
36 Wang, Huai-Bin; Yu, De-Quan; Liang, Xiao-Tian; Watanabe, Naoharu; Tamai, Masaharu; Omura, Sadafumi. Structures of two nortriterpenoid saponins from Stauntonia chinensis. Journal of Natural Products (1990), 53(2), 313-18.
37 Wang, Huai Bin; Yu, De Quan; Liang, Xiao Tian. Yemuoside I, a new nortriterpenoid glycoside from Stauntonia chinensis. Journal of Natural Products (1991), 54(4), 1097-101.
38 Wang, Huaibin; Yu, Dequan; Liang, Xiaotian; Watanabe, Naoharu; Tamai, Masaharu; Omura, Sadafumi. The structure of a new neolignan glycoside from Stauntonia chinensis. Journal of Natural Products (1992), 55(2), 214-16.
39 Wang H B; Mayer R; Rucker G. Triterpenoid glycosides from Stauntonia hexaphylla. Phytochemistry (1993), 34(5), 1389-94.
40 Wang H B; Mayer R; Rucker G. Triterpenoid glycosides from Stauntonia hexaphylla. Phytochemistry (1993 Aug), 33(6), 1469-73.
41 Cui, Meng; Sun, Weixing; Song, Fengrui; Liu, Zhiqiang; Liu, Shuying. Multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry for differentiation of isomeric saponins. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 1999, 13(10): 873-879
42 Miao, Z. C.; Feng, R. Selective long-range DEFT NMR technique and its application to structural study of glycoside. Yaoxue Xuebao (1992), 27(2), 107-12.
43 Kizu, Haruhisa; Hirabayashi, Satoshi; Suzuki, Mizumi; Tomimori, Tsuyoshi. Studies on the constituents of Hedera rhombea Bean. Ⅳ. On the hederagenin glycosides. (2). Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1985, 33(8): 3473-8.
44 Kizu, Haruhisa; Kitayama, Shingo; Nakatani, Fukio; Tomimori, Tsuyoshi; Namba, Tsuneo. Studies on nepalese crude drugs. Ⅲ. On the saponins of Hedera nepalensis K. Koch. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1985, 33(8): 3324-9.
45 Kizu, Haruhisa; Koshijima, Michiyo; Hayashi, Masatomi; Tomimori, Tsuyoshi. Studies on the constituents of Hedera rhombea Bean. Ⅱ. On the dammarane triterpene glycosides. (1). Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1985, 33(4): 1400-6.
46 Sbashkov, A. S.; Grishkovets, V. I.; Yakovishin, L. A.; Shchipanova, I. N.; Chirva, V. Ya. Triterpene glycosides of Hedera canariensis Ⅱ. Determination of the structures of glycosides L-E2 and L-H3 from the leaves of Algerian ivy. Chemistry of Natural Compounds (Translation of Khimtya Prirodnykh Soedinenii) 1998, 34(6): 690-693
47 Yakovishin, L. A.; Grishkovets, V. I.; Shashkov, A. S.; Chirva, V. Ya. Triterpene glycosides from Hedera canariensis. Ⅵ. Structure of L-Gl' and L-Glb glycosides from leaves of canary ivy. Chemistry of Natural Compounds (Translation of Khtmiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii). 1999, 35(5): 543-546
48 Ikuta, Akira; Itokawa, Hideji. Triterpenoids of Paeonia japonica callus tissue. Phytochemistry 1988, 27(9): 2813-15.
49 Miyakoshi, Masazumi; Shirasuna, Katsuya; Hirai, Yasuaki; Shingu, Kazushi; Isoda, Susumu; Shoji, Junzo; Ida, Yoshiteru; Shimizu, Torao. Triterpenoid Saponins of Acanthopanax nipponicus leaves. Journal of Natural Products (1999), 62(3), 445-448.
50 Guo, Mingquan; Song, Fengrui; Bai, Yu; Liu, Zhiqiang; Liu, Shuying. Rapid analysis of a triterpenoid saponin mixture from plant extracts by electrospray ionization multi-stags tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Analytical Sciences (2002), 18(4), 481-484.
51 Han, Bing; Shen, Tong; Liu, Dong; Yang, Junshan. Study on chemical components of Epimedium leptorrhizum. Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi (2002), 37(10), 740-742
52 Chen, M.; Wu, W. W.; Shen, G. Q.; Luo, S. Q.; Li, H. T. Chemical constituents of Lonicera macranthoides Hand.-Mazz part V. Isolation and structures of macranthoin F and G. Yaoxue Xuebao (1994), 29(8), 617-20
53 Crublet, Marie-Laure; Pouny, Isabelle; Delaude, Clement; Lavaud, Catherine. Acylated triterpenoid saponins from the stem bark of Foetidia africana. Journal of Natural Products (2002), 65(11), 1560-1567.
54 Shao, Chun Jie; Kasai, Ryoji; Xu, Jing Da; Tanaka, Osamu. Saponins from roots of Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz., Ciqiu: structures of kalopanax-saponins C, D, E and F. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin (1989), 37(2), 311-14.
55 Domon, B.; Costello, C. E. A Systematic Nomenclature for Carbohydrate Fragmentations in FABMS/MS of Glycoconjugates. Glycoconjugate J. 1988, 5, 397-409.
56 Brull, L. P.; Kovacik, V.; Thomas-Oates, J. E.; Heerma, W.; Haverkamp, J. Sodium-cationized oligosaccharides do not appear to undergo 'internal residue loss' rearrangement processes on tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid comm. unications in mass spectrometry 1998, 20, 1520-1532
57 Ishii, Rie; Saito, Koichi; Horie, Masakazu; Shibano, Takeshi; Kitanaka, Susumu; Amano, Fumio. Inhibitory effects of hydrolyzable tannins from Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. on nitric oxide production by a murine macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7, activated with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin (1999), 22(6), 647-653.
1 张均田．现代药理实验方法(上册)．北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社．1998．．p818-822，p827，p858
2 Alejandro M. S. Mayer and Virginia K. B. Lehmann. Marine pharmacology in 1999: antitumor and cytotoxic compounds. Anticancer research, 2001, 21: 2489-2500
3 郭跃伟．国际海洋天然产物研究的新进展、前景展望-第10次国际海洋天然产物研讨会简介．海洋天然产物与生化药物论文荟萃—全国第三届海洋天然产物与海洋生化药物学术讨论会论文集，2001：1-8
4 丁健 吴雷．中国药学科学发展战略与新药开发．第二军医大学出版社，1999：64
5 Faye Flam. Chemical prospectors scour the seas for promising drags. Science, 1994, 266: 1324-1325
6 Faulkner, D. J.. Marine natural products. Natural Product Reports (2002), 19(1), 1-48; (2001), 18(1), 1-49.; (2000), 17(1), 7-55;(1998), 15(2), 113-158;(1997), 14(3),259-302; (1996), 13(2), 75-125; (1995), 12(3), 223-69; (1994), 11(4), 355-94; (1993), 10(5), 497-539;(1992), 9(4), 323-64;(1991), 8(2), 97-147;(1990), 7(4), 269-309;(1988), 5(6), 613-63;(1987), 4(5), 539-76;(1986), 3(1), 1-33;
7 林永成，周世宁．海洋微生物及其代谢产物 化学工业出版社 2003 396
8 Xu, Qingyan; Wang, Jianfeng; Hnang, Yaojian; Zheng, Zhonghui; Song, Siyang; Zhang, Yongmin; Su, Wenjin. Metabolites from mangrove endophytic fungus Dothiorella sp. Acta Oceanologica Sinica (2004), 23(3), 541-547.
9 Song, Xiao-hong; Liu, Xiao-hong; Lin, Yong-cheng. Metabolites of mangrove fungus No. K23 and interaction of carboline with DNA. Redai Haiyang Xuebao (2004), 23(3), 66-71.
10 Li, Hou-Jin; Lin, Yong-Cheng; Yao, Jun-Hua; Vrijmoed, L. L. P.; Jones, E. B. Gareth. Two new metabolites from the mangrove endophytic fungus No. 2524. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research (2004), 6(3), 185-191
11 Li, Hou-jin; Yao, Jun-hua; Chen, Yi-guang; Lin, Yong-cheng; Vrijmoed, L. L. P. Novel ceramides from a mangrove endophytic fungus No. 2524. Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban (2003), 42(6), 132-133.
12 Li, Hou-jin; Lin, Yong-cheng; Liu, Xiao-hong; Zhou, Shi-ning; Vrijmoed, L. L. P. The peptides from mangrove endophytic fungus No. 2524 (1). Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban (2002), 41(1), 110-112
13 Vongvilai, Pornrapee; Isaka, Masahiko; Kittakoop, Prasat; Srikitikulchai, Prasert; Kongsaeree, Palangpon; Thebtaranonth, Yodhathai. Ketene acetal and spiroacetal constituents of the marine fungus Aigialus parvus BCC 5311. Journal of Natural Products (2004), 67(3), 457-460.
14 Lin, Yongcheng; Li, Houjin; Jiang, Guangce; Zhou, Shining; Vrijmoed, L. L. P.; Jones, E. B. G. A novel -lactone, eutypoid-a, and other metabolites from marine fungus Eutypa sp. (#424) from the South China Sea. Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry (2002), 41B(7), 1542-1544
15 Lin, Yongcheng; Wang, Jun; Wu, Xiongyu; Zhou, Shining; Vrijmoed, L. L. P.; Jones, E. B. Gareth. A novel compound, enniatin G, from the mangrove fungus Halosarpheia sp. (strain 732) from the South China Sea. Australian Journal of Chemistry (2002), 55(3), 225-227
16 Lip., Yongcheng; Wu, Xiongyu; Deng, Zhijun; Wang, Jun; Zhou, Shining; Vrijmoed, L. L. P.; Jones, E. B. Gareth. The metabolites of the mangrove fungus Verruculina enalia No. 2606 from a salt lake in the Bahamas. Phytochemistry (2002), 59(4), 469-471
17 Lin, Yingcheng; Wan, Jun; Zhou, Shining; Jones, Gareth. New isocoumarins from the mangrove endophytic fungus #2533. Chemical Journal on Internet [online computer file] (2001), 3(7),
18 Lin, Yongcheng; Wu, Xiongyu; Feng, Shuang; Jiang, Guangce; Luo, Jinghui; Zhou, Shining; Vrijmoed, L. L. P.; Jones, E. B. G.; Krohn, Karsten; Steingroever, Klaus; Zsila, Ferenc. Five Unique Compounds: Xyloketals from Mangrove Fungus Xylaria sp. from the South China Sea Coast. Journal of Organic Chemistry (2001), 66(19), 6252-6256
19 Isaka, Masahiko; Suyarnsestakorn, Chotika; Tanticharoen, Morakot; Kongsaeree, Palangpon; Thebtaranonth, Yodhathai. Aigialomycins A-E, new resorcylic macrolides from the marine mangrove fungus Aigialus parvus. Journal of Organic Chemistry (2002), 67(5), 1561-1566
20 Wan, Jun; Lin, Yong-cheng; Wu, Xiong-yu; Zhou, Shi-ning; Vrijmoed, L. L. P. Avicennin A, a new isocoumarine from mangrove entophytic fungus No. 2533 from the South China Sea. Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban (2001), 40(1), 127-128
21 Jiang, Bei; Zhao, Qinshi; Peng, Liyan; Lin, Zhongwen; Sun, Handong. Constituents from Thamnolia vermicularis. Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu (2002), 24(4), 525-530.
22 Gao, Jinming; Dong, Zeping; Liu, Jikai. Constituent of basidiomycetes Russula cyanoxantha. Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu (2000), 22(1), 85-89.
23 Ma, Weiguang; Li, Xingcong; Wang, Dezu; Yang, Chongren. Ergosterol peroxides from Cryptoporus volvatus. Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu (1994), 16(2), 196-200.
24 Ponce, Maria A.; Ramirez, Javier A.; Galagovsky, Lydia R.; Gros, Eduardo G.; Erra-Balsells, Rosa. A new look into the reaction between ergosterol and singlet oxygen in vitro. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences (2002), 1(10), 749-756
25 Kwon, Hak Cheol; Zee, Sang Deuk; Cho, Sae Yun; Choi, Sang Un; Lee, Kang Ro. Cytotoxic ergosterols from Paecilomyces sp. J300. Archives of Pharmacal Research (2002), 25(6), 851-855
26 Kawagishi, Hirokazu; Katsumi, Ryosuke; Sazawa, Toshimi; Mizuno, Takashi; Hagiwara, Toshihiko; Nakamura, Takuji. Cytotoxic steroids from the mushroom Agaricus blazei. Phytochemistry (1988), 27(9), 2777-9.
27 Chen, Ruoyun; Wang, Yahong; Yu, Dequan. Chemical constituents of the spores from Ganoderma lucidum. Zhiwu Xuebao (1991), 33(1), 65-8.
28 Wright J L C, Mcinnes A G, Shimizu S, Smith D G, Walter J A, 1978 Identification of C-24 alkyl epimers of marine sterols by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Can J Chem 56: 1898～1903
29 Wang, F.; Liu, J. K. Two new steryl esters from the basidiomycete Tricholomopsis rutilans. Steroids (2005), 70(2), 127-130
30 Yang, Sheng-Ping; Xu, Jun; Yue, Jian-Min. Sterols from the fungus Catathelasma imperiale. Chinese Journal of Chemistry (2003), 21(10), 1390-1394
31 De Haan, J. W.; Van de Ven, L. J. M.; Wilson, A. R. N.; van der Hout-Lodder, A. E.; Altona, C.; Faber, D. H. Temperature effects on carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts of normal alkanes and some linear and branched l-alkenes. Organic Magnetic Resonance (1976), 8(9), 477-82.
32 Evelyn, L.; Hall, L. D.; Steiner, P. R.; Stokes, D.H. Specifically substituted organophosphorus derivatives. Ⅳ. Angular dependence of the vicinal phosphorus-31-proton coupling constants of phosphonate and of hydroxyphosphonate derivatives. Organic Magnetic Resonance (1973), 5(3), 141-5
33 Matsueda S, Katsukura Y Antitumor-active photochemical oxidation products of provitamin D Chemistry & industry 1985, 1: 411
34 Kahlos K, Kangas L, Hiltunen R, et al. Ergosterol peroxide, an active compound from Inonutus radiatus Planta medica 1989, 55(4): 389～390
35 Lin C N, Tome W P, Won S J Novel cytotoxic principles of Formosan Ganoderma lucidum Journal of natural products 1991, 54(4): 998～1002
36 Yoshikawa K, Ikuta M, Arihara S, et al. Two new steroidal derivatives from the fruit body of Chlorophyllum molybdites. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2001, 49(8): 1030-1032
37 Guyot M, Loriette C, Lapous D, et al. Effect of endoperoxides from marine origin on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) activity of infant skin fibroblasts in culture. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 1986, 40(5): 195-197