摘要
面临国际压载水公约的即将实施,压载水管理机制以及压载水处理技术备受社会的广泛关注。而作为基础研究的重要内容,对船舶压载水及其沉积物中浮游生物种类组成和丰度变化规律的研究,尤其是对从中国海域加载的压载水研究依然匮乏。本文结合我国设立的国家科技支撑计划项目(No.2006BAC11B04),对船舶压载水进行了以下调查：分别调查了在中国港口加载压载水的4条航线——蛇口到拉斯坦努拉、大连到厦门、大连到海口和海口到大连压载水中的浮游生物和10艘远洋船舶压载水沉积物中的生物。首次对压载水及其沉积物中的休眠细胞——休眠孢子和孢囊的种类组成和丰度进行了调查研究。研究结果表明：
压载水及其沉积物中的浮游生物种类组成和丰度主要跟压载水加载的海域中浮游生物的种类和丰度有关。不同航线压载水及其沉积物中浮游生物的种类组成和丰度不同,相同航线不同季节加载的压载水及其沉积物中浮游生物的种类组成和丰度也并不相同。在超过4天的航线中,压载水中的浮游生物丰度都会显著下降,但其中也会伴有小幅度的升高；航行未超过4天,且航行过程中温度不断升高,则压载水中的浮游生物丰度不会明显下降。相对国内航线,国际航线的压载水对目的港的入侵风险更高,但这并不意味着国内航线压载水的危害可以被忽略。由于压载水中的浮游植物可以将营养细胞转变为休眠细胞,压载水中的休眠孢子或孢囊通过压载水排入目的港,也会给目的港的生态系统带来潜在的危害。根据对压载水中休眠细胞的丰度变化调查发现,航行过程中,温度的突然改变是休眠细胞突增的一个主要原因。相反,温度的突然改变,尤其是突然下降会使压载水中的浮游动物数量大大降低。并不是所有航线中的压载水及其沉积物中都会有休眠细胞的存在,也不是所有航线压载水中的浮游植物都会产生休眠细胞,说明休眠细胞的产生是复杂的外界条件共同作用的结果。压载水中的硝酸盐、铵盐与叶绿素a,磷酸盐与浮游植物的生物量都显著相关,从一方面说明在压载舱这种封闭的环境中,氮、磷仍然是浮游植物生长主要的限制因子。
Since the International convention for the control of ships ballast water and sediments will be implemented, the ballast water management systems and ballast water treatment technologies has aroused extensive concern in the international community. As an important aspect in basic research, seldom studies have yet been carried out on the en-route investigations of species and abundance of plankton in ballast water and sediments, especially for the voyages starting from ports in China. This study, which supported by National Key Technologies R&D Program (Project No.2006BAC11B04), perform the following investigations:Investigate the species and abundance of plankton in four routes-Shekou to Ras Tanura, Dalian to Xiamen, Dalian to Haikou and Haikou to Dalian. Also investigate the species and abundance of phytoplankton, especially the cysts species and abundance, in ballast water sediments of ten ocean vessels. The variation of resting cells- resting spores and cysts abundance in ballast water and sediment were first investigated. The results showed that:
The species and abundance of plankton in ballast water and sediments was mainly related with the area which the ballast water ballasting. The species and abundance of plankton in ballast water and sediments in different routes was different. The species and abundance of plankton in ballast water and sediments also different in same routes which ballasting in different seasons.When the ballast water age was longer than four days, the abundance of plankton in ballast water will decrease significantly, which along with little increasing during the decrease. If the routes were within four days, meanwhile the temperature in ballast water tank was increasing, the abundance of plankton in ballast water will unnotable decrease. The plankton species in international route show more invasion tendency then domestic route. However, the potential destroy of ecological balance on plankton species composition were should be emphasis. A lot of phytoplanktons could survive by changing the vegetative cells into rest cells. Once these rest spores or cysts arrived destination with ballast water, might bring potential destroy to that area. Based on the variation abundance of plankton, we found that temperature was one of key factors which lead to suddenly increasing of rest cells. And with suddenly change of temperature, especially temperature decreased will lead to the decreased of zooplankton abundance. Not all ballast water and sediments contain rest cells of phytoplankton, and not all phytoplankton in ballast water will form rest cells, which means the forming process of rest cells in ballast water tank was a complicated process. The nutrition factors especially nitrate and ammonium contents have significant correlation with Chla, and phosphates contents also significant correlated with phytoplankton biomass, which indicated that the nitrogen and phosphorus were also the mainly key limiting nutrition factors in ballast water tank.
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