摘要
本文通过逻辑演绎揭示了演化的机制内涵,并以此为逻辑指引,以支配人的行为的组合性策略组成的策略群为研究对象,以进一步探究熊彼特组合创新和阿尔奇安不确定性下试错搜索的具体实施机制为突破点,以策略群多样性水平的生成、消退及由此形成的均衡为核心,构建了一个马歇尔所期翼的包含均衡理念的经济动态过程数理模型,并在这一模型基础上对企业家、城市经济、制度变迁及经济增长中的若干程式化事实给出了一致性的新解释,从而深化了经济学对现实经济动态过程的理解,并为提出改善经济动态过程的对策奠定了理论基础。
论文的主要观点如下：人类所在的世界是不确定性的。不确定性会消减群体的多样性水平,只有具有多样性维持能力的群体才可能持续存在。演化即是由创新不足的个体组成的群体,以组合复制方式维持群体的多样性水平,从而使群体在不确定性下持续存在时所表现出来的一种以新事物不断突现和路径依赖的缓慢变化为特征的历时变化过程。
经济学研究的是人的行为,支配行为的策略是组合性的,经济动态即是在策略子—策略—策略群三层面上的策略多样性水平一轮轮的生成与消减的过程。在不确定性下,策略群中的策略类型多样性不断消减,但经由既有策略子的组合复制,其多样性水平又得以不断生成。在同一过程中,各属性策略子池的多样性水平亦不断地消减,而策略子的创新则不断地恢复着其多样性水平。对经济演化的数字模拟显示,在长期中,各策略子池的多样性水平,从而策略群的潜在策略多样性水平处于动态均衡之中,并且,策略子池的动态均衡的多样性水平与其创新概率正相关。
经济行为者以一条条满意预案即预案集来应对其所主导性地面对着的反复显现的一系列考试型的事后问题。由于不确定性,经济行为者没有完备的理论指导其提出最佳的应对预案,他们不可避免地要通过试错来搜索满意的预案集,而只有那些能提供更多试错策略方案的经济行为者才更有可能搜索到收益水平较高的应对预案集。由于新问题的不断突显,既有问题的不断消亡,经济行为者满意水平的提高以及新试错方案的不断提出,经济行为者需要不断更新其预案集。
经济行为者是通过组合其预案集中的策略子形成新试错策略方案,从而更新其预案集的,预案集的动态过程因此呈现出了显著的演化特征,其各策略子池的多样性水平,从而其预案集的潜在策略多样性水平处于动态均衡之中。当经济行为者在一个或极少数几个低多样性水平的策略子池如基础性技术上或一定数量的中等多样性水平的策略子池如经营管理知识上具有超出一般的创新能力时,他们将能显著地提供更多的试错策略方案,并因此能生成具有较高收益水平的预案集并不断更新之。他们也能将预案集作为知识传授给一般经济行为者,并通过分享其提高了的收益而进一步获益,这就是能获得高额收益(利润)的卓越经济行为者——企业家。
企业家也面临着事前问题。作为能够提供更多策略方案的经济行为者,其对事前问题的准确预测将较那些仅能提供较少策略方案的经济行为者更显著地提高其应对事前问题的收益水平,企业家也因此较一般经济行为者更需要精确的预测。
当经济行为者之间共享其预案集知识时,他们组合出新试错方案的空间将扩张,并从而可生成收益水平更高的预案。但由于知识的共享,这些经济行为者的知识即被卷入到了一个共同的演化过程。这既可能提高该共享知识的群体的潜在策略多样性水平,也可能降低之,它是由知识共享的规模决定的。为谋求群体较高的动态均衡的潜在策略多样性水平以获得较高的长期收益水平,经济行为者将形成一个个紧密的(集聚的)知识共享亚群,这就是城市。而由于人类创新不同属性策略子池知识能力的不同,他们共享各策略子池知识的规模是不同的,这就形成了一种层级的城市体系,其中,最上等的城市共享着人类创新能力最低的那些策略子池中的知识,而次一等级的城市则共享着那些创新能力次低的策略子池中的知识。
经济体中运行着多种属性的经济活动,各种经济活动在不同的满意理论契约预案约束下实施着,理论契约预案集的动态过程是演化的。制度即是经济体中运行着的理论契约中那些大量重复采用的契约条款在宏观上的显现。制度创新概率的不同决定着其动态多样性水平的不同。低制度创新概率的文化、习俗等非正式制度具有较低的多样性水平,高制度创新概率的一般契约条款的多样性水平则较高。
经济体的制度潜在多样性水平决定着经济体的制度适应性效率,从而在长期中决定着其绩效。当经济体中引入了低多样性的新制度时,其制度潜在多样性水平即制度适应性效率将显著提高,而当引入了高多样性的新制度时,其提升幅度则较低。作为对制度演化的人为干预,创新激励以及挤出抑制是提升制度多样性水平,从而提升经济体的制度适应性效率的主导方法。其中制度创新激励应集中于可激励且有激励效率的多样性水平一般的正式制度安排方面,而制度挤出抑制则应集中于保护文化、习俗等低多样性水平的制度的多样性水平。
在演化中,较高收益水平的预案不断替代着既有的预案,经济行为者的产出水平得以不断提高,表现在由其构成的经济体层面上即经济增长,其增长率是由典型经济行为者的潜在策略多样性水平决定的。当经济体中发生策略子创新时,其创新扩散将推动经济体中经济行为者潜在策略多样性水平在一个时期中的提升,从而推动形成一轮高增长。经济体的增长则是不同创新能力的各策略池上的创新推动形成的不同周期、不同振幅的增长叠加的结果。当经济体规模显著小于那些创新能力极低的策略子池的知识扩散范围时,经济体的增长将呈现为长期的低增长中偶尔发生持续时间相对较短的经济增长奇迹的态势。
创新性的策略子知识向其它国家的扩散将推动这些国家进入一个以经济的短期高增长为特征的经济追赶过程。当前产出水平较低的国家的典型经济活动者的潜在多样性水平较低,知识的扩散将大幅提升其潜在策略多样性水平,并从而使其能以更大的幅度提升其预案集的收益水平。这样,当前产出水平越低,其经济追赶中的增长率就越高。
The dynamic economy is a significant evolutional process-the emergence of new things, path dependence, the slow and continuous change. This initiates a wide range of study and abundant outstanding literatures, although a mathematical model with a clear and concise logic has not been established. This thesis reveals the mechanism of the evolution through logic, builts a mathematical equilibrium model of economic evolution with the ideas of Knight's uncertainty, Schumpeter and Ayers'combination of innovation and Alchian's trial and error, and gives consistency interpretation to entrepreneurs, institutional change, urban economy and economic growth.
The world, especially its society and economy is uncertain, and so the continuance is the ultimate human concerns. Uncertainty will reduce the cluster diversity, only those with ability to maintain diversity was likely to continue. As for the cluster complementing diversity through replication, self-independent simple replication can produce enough diversity when their individual has sufficient innovation (mutation) capacity, while this capacity is weak, the cluster will lost. Evolution is those clusters with inadequate innovation ability make their ways of continuance under uncertain though combinational replication.
Economics is the study of human behavior governed by combinational strategy, and economic dynamics is the process of the rounds of strategy diversity reduction and formation on the strategic gene-strategy-strategy cluster framework. The strategy diversity continually evaporates under uncertain and increasse through the combinational replication of the survival strategic gene. In the same process, the diversity of each strategy gene pool decreases under uncertain and is resumed by strategy gene innovation, while this diversity decreasing and renewing process is relatively slowly carrying out. The digital simulation of economic evolution shows that, in the long run, the diversity of each strategy gene pool and so the potential strategic diversity of the strategy cluster is in dynamic equilibrium, and the dynamic equilibrium diversity of each strategy gene pool is positively determined by its innovation probability.
People solves the series of Ex Post ploblems he repeatedly encounteres with a satisfied counterplan set. People has not complete theory guiding himself to select the best counterplan because of uncertainty, and he inevitably needs to act some strategies to determain which is satisfied plan, and only those who can provide more trial and error strategies are more likely to abtain counterplan set of higher rewards. Because new problems continuously appear and existing problems continuously vanish, the level of satisfaction continnuously increases and people's new strategies continuously been innovated, the counterplan set needs constantly updating.
People raises trail and error strategic plan through assembling the strategy genes of his existing counterplan set, and so updates his counterplan set. The dynamic process of people's counterplan set therefore shows significant features of evolution. Thus the diversity of every strategy gene pool and the potential strategy diversity are all in dynamic equilibrium. When one has excellent innovation ability in one or a few number of low-diversity strategy gene pools, such as basic technology, or in several medium-diversity strategy gene pools, such as management knowledge, he will significantly raise more trial and error strategy and therefore abtain higher reword counterplan and continnuously update it. They can also imparte his counterplan set as knowledge to normal people, and share their improved benefits. Such is entrepreneur of being able to obtain high reward (profits) as an outstanding people.
Entrepreneur is also facing Ex Ante ploblems. As people can provide more strategy plans, a perfect forecast will remarkably enhance his reward in handling the Ex Ante ploblems he is encountering, entrepreneur therefore needs higher qualitied forecast than normal.
The combination space of strategy will expand when people share their knowledge of counterplan sets, and people can thus abtain counterplan sets of high reward in short run. However, the counterplan sets will be involved in a common evolutional process through knowledge sharing. Such maybe enhance or reduce the potential strategy diversity of those people by means of the size of knowledge-sharing. To seek higher dynamic equilibrium diversity and so the higher long-term performance, people will share knowledge among different subgroup, and such is the urban. Because the innovation abilities of different strategy gene pools are different, people will share knowledge of different strategy gene pool in different size, and so an urban hierarchy system is built.
Economy is with different economic activities implemented under different satisfied theoretic contract counterplan, and the dynamic process of theoretic contract counterplan is of evolution. Institution is the macroscopical appearance of those contract clauses massively uses in governing economic activities. The dynamic equilibrium diversity of a certain institution is determinated by its innovation ability. People has deficit innovation ability in culture, custom, and so the informal institution diversity of is low, while the normal contract clause is diversiform.
The potential institutional diversity of a economy determines the institutional adaptive efficiency which determines its performance in the long run. When a new instituion gene was introduced in a certain low diversity institutional gene pool, the potential institutional diversity and so the adaptive efficiency will be significantly improved, while for those in high diversity institutional gene pool, the improvement will be few. As human intervention on institutional evolution, innovation incentives and extrusion suppression are ways enhancing institutional adaptive efficiency, so as to enhancing the long run performance. For the higher acting performance, the institutional innovation incentives should be focused on formal institution of general arrangements, and the extrusion suppression be focused on the protection of cultural, customs and other low-diversity institutions.
The higher reward counterplan set continuously replaces the existing plan set in evolution, and then the people's output constantly improve. Such is economic growth on economy level, and its growth rate is determined by the potential strategy diversity of its nomal people. When there is an innovation in a certain strategy gene pool, this innovation and its diffusion will drive the potential strategy diversity inceasing in a period, and shows a high growth. The economic growth is the sum of the different growth waves drived by innovations of all strategy gene pool. When the economy size is significantly smaller than the size of sharing those strategy gene pool knowledge with lowest innovation ability, the economy will show growth in low-growth in long-run with short-run growth miracle.
New strategy gene knowledge spread to other countries will'drive them into a short-run economic high growth named economic catch-up. The potential strategy diversity of those countries with low current output is low, and the knowledge spread will significantly enhance its diversity, and so its people can significantly upgrade their counterplan sets. Thus, the lower the current output level, the higher catch-up growth rate.
引文
[1]Adizes, I. (1988). Corporate Lifecycles (1996 revised version). Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall中译本,[美]伊查克·爱迪思著,赵睿译,企业生命周期,北京：华夏出版社,2003年.
[2]Aghion, P. and P. Howitt (1992). "A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction." Econometrica 60(2): 323-351.
[3]Aghion, P., P. Howitt, et al. (2005). "The Effect of Fimamcial Development on Convergence:Theory and Evidence." The Quarterly Journal of Ecomomics February:173-222.
[4]Ahrens, J. and P. Junemann (2010). Adaptive efficiency and pragmatic flexibility:characteristics of institutional change in capitalism, Chinese-style. Institutions and Innovation Systems in East Asia:Patterns of Formal and Informal Coordination. W. Pascha, M. Taube and C. Storz. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar.
[5]Alchian, A. A. (1950). "Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory." Journal of Political Economy 58(June):211-221.中译本,阿门·阿尔钦,不确定性、演化和经济理论,见罗卫东编,经济学基础文献选读,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2007年,35-47页.
[6]Alchian, A. A. (1953). "Biological Analogies in the theory of the firm:Comment." American Economic Review 43:600-603.
[7]Alchian, A. A. and H. Demsetz (1972). "Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization." American Economic Review 62(5):777-795.阿曼·阿尔奇安,哈罗德·德姆塞茨,生产、信息成本和经济组织,见盛洪主编,现代制度经济学(上卷),北京：北京大学出版社,2003年,118-138页.
[8]Andersen, E. S. (1994). Evolutionary Economics:Post Schumpeterian Contributions (1996 edition). London, Pinter.
[9]Andersen, E. S. (2009). Schumpeter's Evolutionary Economics:A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Engine of Capitalism. London, Anthem Press.
[10]Anderson, P. W. (1995). "Viewpoint:The Future." Science 267(17 (March)):1617-1618.
[11]Anderson, P. W., K. J. Arrow, et al. (1988). The Economy as an Evolving Complex System. Redwood City, Addison-Wesley.
[12]Aoki, M. (2001). Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.中译本,[日]青木昌彦著,周黎安译,比较制度分析,上海：上海远东出版社,2001年.
[13]Aoki, M. and H. Ando (2002). Modularity-The Essence of New. Industrial Architecture, Toyo-Keizai Inc.中译本,青木昌彦,安藤晴彦编著,周国荣译,模块时代：新产业结构的本质,上海：上海远东出版社,2003年.
[14]Arrow, K. J. (1951). "Alternative Approaches to the Theory of Choice in Risk-Taking Situations." Econometrica 19:404-437.
[15]Arrow, K. J. (1962). "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing." Review of Economic Studies 29: 155-173.
[16]Arrow, K. J. (1974). The Limits of Organization. New York, Norton.中译本,[美]肯尼斯·阿罗著,万谦译,组织的极限,北京：华夏出版社,2006年.
[17]Arrow, K. J. (1984). The Economics of Information:Collected Papers of K. J. Arrow. Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University.中译本,[美]肯尼思·J·阿罗著,何宝玉等译,信息经济学,北京：北京经济学院出版社,1989年.
[18]Arrow, K.J. (1993).时间跨度、不确定性、信息——经济学领域的三项重要发展(编译).”改革与战略(2)： 69-73.
[19]Arrow, K. J. (1994). "Methodological Individualism and Social Knowledge." American Economic Review 84(2):1-9
[20]Arrow, K. J. (1995). "Viewpoint:The Future." Science 267(17 (March)):1617.
[21]Arthur, W. B. (1988). Competing Technologies:An Overview. Technical Change and Economic Theory. G. Dosi, C. Freeman, R. Nelson and L. Soete. New York, Columbia Univeristy Press:590-607.
[22]Arthur, W. B. (1989). "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events." Economic Journal 99:116-131.
[23]Arthur, W. B., S. N. Durlauf, et al., Eds. (1997). The Economy as an Evolving Complex System Ⅱ. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Science of Complexity. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley.
[24]Arthur, W. B., Y. Ermoliev, et al. (1987). "Path-dependent Processes and the Emergence of Macrostructures." European Journal of Operations Research 30:294-303.
[25]Aruka, Y., Ed. (2001). Evolutionary Controversies in Economics:A New Transdisciplinary Approach. New York, Berlin and Tokyo, Springer Verlag.
[26]Atkinson, A. B. and J. E. Stiglitz (1969). "A New View of Technological Change." Economic Journal 79(315): 573-578.
[27]Audretsch, D. B. and S. Klepper, Eds. (2000). Innovation, Evolution Of Industry And Economic Growth. The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics series (vol 118). Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[28]Ayres, C. E. (1944). Theory of Economic Process:A Study in the Fundamentals of Economic Development and Cultural Change (3rd ed.1978). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
[29]Ayres, C. E. (1961). Toward a Reasonable Society:The Value of Industrial Civilization. Austin, University of Texas Press.
[30]Ayres, R. U. (1989). Technological Transformations and Long Waves. Lazenburg, Austria, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).
[31]Backhaus, J. G., Ed. (2003). Evolutionary Economic Thought:European Contributions and Concepts Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[32]Balzat, M. (2006). An Economic Analysis Of Innovation:Extending the Concept of National Innovation Systems. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[33]Bank, W. (1993). The East Asian Miracle:Economic Growth and Public Policy. New York, Oxford University Press.中译本,世界银行编,财政部世界银行业务司译,东亚奇迹：经济增长与公共政策,北京：中国财政经济出版社,1995年.
[34]Barnard, C. I. (1938). The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.中译本,[美]C·I·巴纳德著,孙耀君等译,经理人员的职能,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1997年.
[35]Barro, R. J. (1997). Determinants of Economic Growth:A Cross-Country Empirical Study. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press中译本,[美]罗伯特·J·巴罗著,李剑译,经济增长的决定因素：跨国经验研究,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004年.
[36]Barro, R. J. and X. Sala-i-Martin (1995). Economic Growth. New York, McGraw-Hill.中译本,[美]巴罗,萨拉伊马丁著,何晖,刘明兴译,经济增长,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2000年.
[37]Bas, C. and W. Latham, Eds. (2006). The Economics of Persistent Innovation:An Evolutionary View. Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation. New York, Springer.
[38]Baumol, W. J., R. E. Litan, et al. (2007). Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity. New Haven, Yale University Press.中译本,[美]威廉·鲍莫尔,罗伯特·利坦,卡尔·施拉姆著,刘卫,张春霖译,好的资本主义,坏的资本主义,北京：中信出版社,2008年.
[39]Baumol, W. J. and M. A. Schilling (2008). Entrepreneurship. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition. (The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online). S. N. D. a. L. E. Blume., Palgrave Macmillan.
[40]Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital. New York, Columbia University Press.
[41]Berry, B. J. L. (1991). Long-Wave Rhythms in Economic Development and Political Behavior. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press.
[42]Black, M. (1966). Notes on the "paradoxes of confirmation". Aspects of inductive logic. J. Hintikka and P. Suppes. Amsterdam, North-Holland:175-197.
[43]Blume, L. E. and S. N. Durlauf, Eds. (2006). The Economy as an Evolving Complex System III:Current Perspectives and Future Directions. New York, Oxford University Press.
[44]Boehm, S. (1992). "Austrian Economics and the Theory of Entrepreneurship:I.M. Kirzner Interviewed by Stephan Boehm on 2 May 1989." Review of Political Economy 4(1):95-110.
[45]Boulding, K. E. (1934). "The Application of the Pure Theory of Population Change to the Theory of Capital." Quarterly Journal of Economics 48(August):645-666.
[46]Boulding, K. E. (1950). A Reconstruction of Economics. New York, J. Wiley.
[47]Boulding, K. E. (1978). Ecodynamics:A New Theory of Societal Evolution. Beverly Hills, CA, Sage.
[48]Boulding, K. E. (1981). Evolutionary Economics. London, Sage.
[49]Boulding, K. E. (1991). "What Is Evolutionary Economics?" Journal of Evolutionary Economics 1(1):9-17.
[50]Brillouin, L. (1964). Scientific Uncertainty and Information. New York and London, Academic Press.
[51]Buchanan, J. M. (1999). Cost and Choice:An Inquiry in Economic Theory. Indianapolis, Liberty Fund, Inc.中译本,[美]詹姆斯·布坎南著,刘志铭,李芳译,成本与选择,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2009年.
[52]Caballe, J. and M. S. Santos (1993). "On Endogenous Growth with Physical and Human Capital." Journal of Political Economy 101(6):1042-1067.
[53]Camic, C. (1986). "The Matter of Habit." American Journal of Sociology 91(March):1039-1087.
[54]Cantillon, R. (1730). Essai Sur la Nature de Commerce en General trans. H. Higgs.1931. London, Macmillan.
[55]Carnap, R. (1951). The Nature and Application of Inductive Logic:Consisting of Six Sections From Logical Foundations of Probability. Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press.中文节译,卡尔那普：归纳逻辑与演绎逻辑,见洪谦主编,逻辑经验主义(上卷),北京：商务印书馆,1982年,329-341页.
[56]Casson, M. C. (1982). The Entrepreneur:An Economic Theory. Oxford, Martin Robertson.
[57]Casson, M. C. (1987). Entrepreneur. The New Palgrave:a dictionary of economics(vol.2). J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman. London, The Marmillan Press.中译本,马克·卡森,企业家,见约翰·伊特韦尔,默里·米尔盖特,彼得·纽曼编,新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典(第二卷),北京：经济科学出版社,1996年,162-164页.
[58]Chandler, T. (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth:An Historical Census. Lewiston, NY, St. David's University Press.
[59]Cheung, S. N. S. (1983). "The Contractual Nature of the Firm." Journal of Law & Economics 26(1):1-21.中译本,张五常,企业的契约性质,见盛洪主编,现代制度经济学(上卷),北京：北京大学出版社,2003年,139-156页.
[60]Cheung, S. N. S. (1983). " Economic Explanation:Let Us Ride with the Surging Tide. An Inaugural Lecture Delivered on October 26.1982 at the Loke Yew Hall." Supplement to the Gazette XXX(3):1-11.
[61]Chiaromonte, F. and G. Dosi (1993). "Heterogeneity, Competition, and Macroeconomic Dynamics." Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 4(1 (June)):39-63.
[62]Coase, R. H. (1937). "The Nature of the Firm."Economica 4(16):386-405.中译本,罗纳德·科斯,企业的性质,见罗卫东主编,经济学基础文献选读,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2007年,164-180页.
[63]Coase, R. H. (1960). "The Problem of Social Cost." Journal of Law and Economics 3(Oct:1-44.中译本,罗纳德·科斯,社会成本问题,见盛洪主编,现代制度经济学(上卷),北京：北京大学出版社,2003年,3-37 页.
[64]Cohen, J. and I. Stewart (1994). The Collapse of Chaos:Discovering Simplicity in a Complex World. London and New York, Viking.
[65]Cohen, L. J. (1977). The Probable and the Provable. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press.
[66]Collins, G. P. (2009). "Impossible Inferences." Scientific American:19-20.中译本,格雷厄姆·P·柯林斯,事实真相不可尽知,环球科学,2009,(4)：10-11页.
[67]Commons, J. (1934). Institutional Economic:Its Place in Political Economy. Madison, Wis, University of Wisconsin Press中译本,[美]康芒斯著,于树生译,制度经济学,北京商务印书馆,1983年.
[68]Conlisk, J. (1980). "Costly Optimizers versus Cheap Imitators." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1(Sept):275-93.
[69]Conlisk, J. (1989). "An Aggregate Model of Technical Change." Quarterly Journal of Economics 104: 787-821.
[70]Coriat, B. and G. Dosi (1998). The Institutional Embeddedness of Economic Change:an Appraisal of the "Evolutionary" and "Regulationist" Research Programmes. Institutions and Economic Change:New Perspectives on Markets, Firms and Technology. K. Nielsen and B. Johnson. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar:3-32.中译本,本杰明·科里特,乔万尼·多西,经济变迁的制度嵌入：对“演化”与“调节主义”研究纲领的一个评价,见[英]霍奇逊主编,贾根良等译,制度与演化经济学现代文选：关键性概念,北京：高等教育出版社,2005年,122-155页.
[71]Courtney, H. G., J. Kirkland, et al. (1997). "Strategy Under Uncertainty." Harvard Business Review 75(6): 66-79.
[72]Crafts, N. F. R. (1989). The Industrial Revolution:Economic Growth in Britain,1700-1860. New Directions in Economic and Social History. A. Digby and C. Feinstein, Macmillan Education LTD.
[73]Crossen, C. (2000). The Rich and How They Got That Way:How the Wealthiest People of All Time--from Genghis Khan to Bill Gates--Made Their Fortunes. New York, Crown Business.中译本,[美]辛西亚·克罗森著,赵恒译,财富千年,北京：中信出版社,2004年.
[74]Curtis, H. and N. S. Barnes (1989). Biology (5th ed). New York, NY, Worth Publishers.
[75]David, P. A. (1985). "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY." The American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Seventh) 75(2):331-337.
[76]David, P. A. (1990). "The Dynamo and the Computer:an Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox." American Economic Review 80(2):355-361.
[77]Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. New York, Oxford University Press.中译本,[英]里查德·道金斯著,卢允中,张岱云,王兵译,自私的基因,长春：吉林人民出版社,1998年.
[78]Day, R. H. and P. Chen, Eds. (1993). Nonlinear Dynamics and Evolutionary Economics. New York, Oxford University Press.
[79]Day, R. H. and G. Eliasson, Eds. (1986). The Dynamics of Market Economics. Amsterdam, North Holland.
[80]Delbeke, J. (1982). The Mechanization of Flemish Industry 1812-1930:The Case of Antwerp. Leuven, Centrum voor Economische Studien, Catholic University of Louvain.
[81]Delorme, R. and K. Dopfer, Eds. (1994). The Political Economy Of Diversity:Evolutionary Perspectives on Economic Order and Disorder. Aldershot, Edward Elgar.
[82]Descartes, R. (1664). Treatise of Man (English version, Thomas Steele Hall 1972 trans.). Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
[83]Diwan, I. and D. Rodrik (1991). "Patents, Appropriate Technology, and North-South Trade." Journal of International Economics 30(1-2):27-47.
[84]Dixit, A. K. and J. E. Stiglitz (1977). "Monopolist Competition and Optimum Product Diversity." American Economic Review 67(3):297-308.
[85]Domar, E. D. (1946). "Capital Expansion,Rate of Growth,and Employment." Econometrica 14(2):137-147.
[86]Dopfer, K. (2001). Evolutionary Economics:Framework for Analysis. Evolutionary Economics:Program and Scope. K. Dopfer. Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers:1-44.中译本,库尔特·多普菲,演化经济学：分析框架,见[瑞士]多普菲编,贾根良,刘辉锋等译,演化经济学：纲领与范围,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年,2-38页.
[87]Dopfer, K., Ed. (2001). Evolutionary Economics:Program and Scope. Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers.中译本,[瑞士]多普菲编,贾根良,刘辉锋等译,演化经济学：纲领与范围,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年.
[88]Dopfer, K. (2001b). History-friendly Theories in Economics:Reconciling Universality and Context in Evolutionary Analysis. Frontiers of Evolutionary Economics:Competition, Self-Organization and Innovation Policy. J. Foster and J. S. Metcalfe. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar:173-187.中译本,库尔特·多普菲,经济学中历史友好的理论：在演化分析中调和普遍性与脉络,见[澳]福斯特,[英]梅特卡夫主编,贾根良,刘刚译,演化经济学前沿：竞争、自组织与创新政策,北京：高等教育出版社,2005年,167-197页.
[89]Dopfer, K., Ed. (2005). The Evolutionary Foundations of Economics. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press.
[90]Dopfer, K., Ed. (2006). Economics, Evolution And the State:The Governance of Complexity. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[91]Dopfer, K. (2010). Methodology for Evolutionary Economics. Cheltenham UK, Edward Elgar.
[92]Dosi, G.(1988). The Nature of Innovative Process, in (Dosi. Freeman, et al.1988).
[93]Dosi, G., C. Freeman, et al. (1988). Technical Change and Economic Theory. London, Pinter.中译本,多西·G，弗里曼·C,纳尔逊等编,钟学义等译,技术进步与经济理论,北京：经济科学出版社,1992年.
[94]Dosi, G and R. R. Nelson (1994). "An Introduction to Evolutionary Theories in Economics." Journal of Evolutionary Economics 4:153-172.
[95]Dugger, W. M. and H. J. Sherman (2000). Reclaiming Evolution:A Dialogue Between Marxism and Institutionalism on Social Change. New York, Routledge.中译本,[美]杜格,谢尔曼著,张林等译,回到进化：马克思主义和制度主义关于社会变迁的对话,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007年.
[96]Einstein, A. (1928). Fundamental concepts of physics and their most recent changes. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 9 December.中译本,物理学的基本概念及其最近的变化,见许良英,范岱年编译,爱因斯坦文集(第一卷),北京：商务印书馆,1976年,234-240页.
[97]Eliasson, G. (1985). The Firm and Financial Markets in a Swedish Micro to Macro Modeltheory, Model and Verification. Stockholm, IUI.
[98]Eliasson, G (1996). Firm Objectives, Controls and Organization-The Use of Information and the transfer of Knowledge within the Firm.Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[99]Endler, J. A. and T. McLellan (1988). "The Process of Evolution:Toward a Newer Synthesis." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19:395-421.
[100]Enke, S. (1951). "On Maximizing Profits:a Distinction Between Chamberlin and Robinson." American Economic Review 41(4):566-578.
[101]Ewers, H. J., J. B. Goddard, et al. (1986). The Future of the Metropolis (Berlin-London-Paris-New York): Economic Aspects. Berlin, de Gruyer.中译本,[西德]汉斯·于尔根·尤尔斯等著,张秋舫等译,大城市的未来：柏林、伦敦、巴黎、纽约—经济方面,北京：对外贸易教育出版社,1991年.
[102]Faber, M. and J. L. R. Proops (1991). Evolution in Biology, Physics and Economics:a Conceptual Analysis. Evolutionary Theories of Economic and Technological Change. P. P. Saviotti and J. S. Metcalfe. Chur, Harwood Accdemic Publishers:58-87.
[103]Favereau, O. and E. Lazega, Eds. (2002). Conventions And Structures In Economic Organization:Markets, Networks and Hierarchies. Cheltenham. Edward Elgar.
[104]Ferguson, A. (1792). Principles of Moral and Political Science. Edinburgh, A. Strahan and T. Cadell.
[105]Field, A. J. (1984). "Microeconomics, Norms, and Rationality." Econ. Devel. Cult. Change 32(4):683-711.
[106]Foster, J. and W. Holzl, Eds. (2004). Applied Evolutionary Economics and Complex Systems. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[107]Foster, J. and J. S. Metcalfe, Eds. (2001). Frontiers of Evolutionary Economics:Competition, Self-organization and Innovation Policy. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.中译本,[澳大利亚]约翰·福斯特,[英]J·斯坦利·梅特卡夫著,贾根良,刘刚译,演化经济学前沿：竞争自组织与创新政策,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年.
[108]Foster, J. F. (1981). "The Papers of J. Fagg Foster." Journal of Economic Issues 15(December):857-1012.
[109]Foster, J. F. and J. S. Metcalfe (2001). Modern Evolutionary Economic Perspectives:an Overview. Frontiers of Evolutionary Economics:Competition, Self-Organization and Innovation Policy. J. Foster and J. S. Metcalfe. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar:1-16.中译本,约翰·福斯特,斯坦利·梅特卡夫,现代演化经济学展望：一种总的看法,见[澳]福斯特,[英]梅特卡夫主编,贾根良,刘刚译,演化经济学前沿：竞争、自组织与创新政策,北京：高等教育出版社,2005年,1-16页.
[110]Freeman, C. (1991). The Nature of Innovation and the Evolution of the Productive System. Technology and Productivity. OECD. Paris.
[111]Freeman, C. (2008). Systems of Innovation:Selected Essays in Evolutionary Economics. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar
[112]Freeman, C. and F. Louca (2001). As Time Goes By:From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution. New York, Oxford University Press.中译本,克里斯·弗里曼,弗朗西斯科·卢桑著,沈宏亮译,光阴似箭：从工业革命到信息革命,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007年.
[113]Frenken, K., Ed. (2007). Applied Evolutionary Economics And Economic Geography. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.
[114]Friedman, M. (1953). The Methodology of Positive Economics Essays on Positive Economics. M. Friedman. Chicago, Chicago University Press:3-43.中译本,弗里德曼,实证经济学方法论,见罗卫东编,经济学基础文献选读,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2007年,1-33页.
[115]Fujita, M. and P. Krugman (2004). "The New Economic Geography:Past, Present and the Future." Papers in regional science 83:139-164.
[116]Fujita, M., P. Krugman, et al. (1999). The Spatial Economy:Cities, Regions, and International Trade. Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press.
[117]Futuyma, D. J. (1986). Evolutionary Biology. Sunderland, Mass, Sinauer Associates.
[118]Galanter, M. (1981). "Justice in Many Rooms and Courts, Private Ordering and Indigenous Law." Journal of Legal Pluralism 19:1-47.
[119]Galor, O. (2005). The Transition from Stagnation to Growth:Unified Growth Theory. Handbook of Economic Growth. S. Durlauf and P. Aghion. Amsterdam, North Holland:171-293.
[120]Galor, O. and D. N. Weil (1999). "From Malthusian Stagnation to Modern Growth." American Economic Review 89(2):150-154.
[121]Gandolfi, A. E., S. Gandolfi, et al. (2002). Economics as an Evolutionary Science from Utility to Fitness. New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers.
[122]Geanakoplos, J. (1986). Arrow-Debreu Model of General Equilibrium. in (Eatwell, Milgate et al.1987)voll: ZP124-133.
[123]Geanakoplos, J. (1987). Arrow-Debreu Model of General Equilibrium. in (Eatwell, Milgate et al.1987)voll: cp.124-133.
[124]Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1971). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press.
[125]Gilfillan, S. C. (1935). Sociology of Invention:An Essay on the Social Causes of Technic Invention and Some of Its Social Results;Especially as Demonstrated by the History of the Ship. Chicago, Follett Publishing.
[126]Gleick, J. (1987). Chaos:Making a New Science. New York, Viking (New York, Penguin,1988).中译本,[美]詹姆斯·格莱克著,张淑誉译,混沌：开创新科学,上海：上海译文出版社,1990年.
[127]Grubler, A. (1990). The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures:Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport Heidelberg, Physica Verlag.
[128]Griibler, A., N. Nakicenovic, et al. (1992). Dynamics of Transport and Energy Systems:History of Development and a Scenario for the Future. "Energy and Life" World Energy Council,15th Congress. Madrid.
[129]Grossman, G. M. and E. Helpman (1991). Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
[130]Guha, A. S. (1981). An Evolutionary View of Economic Growth. New York, The Clarendon Press.
[131]Haar, B. W. (1983). "Evolutionary Economics (Book Reviews)." Journal of Economic Issues 17(4): 1172-1174.
[132]Hahn, F. (2008). Neoclassical Growth Theory. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Editio. S. N. Durlauf and L. E. Blume, Palgrave Macmillan. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Palgrave Macmillan.13 October 2009 doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1170.
[133]Hahn, F. H. (1991). "The Next Handred Years." Economic Dournal 101(1 (Jan.)):47-50.
[134]Hall, R. J. and C. J. Hitch (1939). "Price Theory and Business Behavior." Oxford Economic Papers 2(May): 12-45.
[135]Hamilton, D. B. (1953). Newtonian Classicism and Darwinian Institutionalism. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press.
[136]Hamilton, D. B. (1970). Evolutionary Economics:A Study of Change in Economic Thought. Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press.
[137]Hamilton, W. H. (1932). Institution. Encyclopaedia of the social sciences. E. R.A.Seligman and A. Johnson. New York, Macmillan.8:84-89.
[138]Hammond, J. D. (1991). Early Drafts of Friedman's Methodological Essay. the History of Economics Society Meetings.
[139]Hammond, J. P. (1987). Uncertainty. The New Palgrave:a Dictionary of Economics(vol.4). J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman. London, The Marmillan Press:728-733.
[140]Hannah, L. (1999). Marshall's'Trees'and the Global'Forest':Were Giant Redwoods Different? Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms and Nations. N. Lamoreaux, D. Raff and P. Temin. Chicago, Chicago. University Press.
[141]Hanson, N. R. (1958). Observation. Patterns of Discovery. N. R. Hanson. New York, Cambridge University Press:4-19.中译本,汉森,观察,见蒋劲松,刘兵编,科学哲学读本,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008年,202-223页.
[142]Hanusch, H., Ed. (1988). Evolutionary Economics:Applications of Schumpeter's Ideas. New York, Cambridge University Press.
[143]Harrod, R. F. (1939). "An Essay in Dynamic Theory." Economic Journal 49(June):14-33.
[144]Hawking, S. (2001). The Universe in a Nutshell. New York, Bantam Books中译本,霍金著,吴忠超译,果壳中的宇宙,长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2002年.
[145]Hayami, Y. and V. W. Ruttan (1970). "Factor Prices and Technical Change in Agricultural Development:the United States and Japan,1880-1960." Journal of Political Economy 78(5):1115-1155.
[146]Hayek, F. A. (1937). "Economics and Knowledge." Economica(4):33-54中译本,[奥]哈耶克著,贾湛,文跃然等译,个人主义与经济秩序,北京：北京经济学院出版社,1989年,32-53页.
[147]Hayek, F. A. (1945). "The Use of Knowledge in Society." American Economic Review 35(September): 519-530.中译本,[奥]哈耶克,知识在社会中的利用,见[奥]哈耶克著,贾湛,文跃然等译,个人主义与经济秩序,北京：北京经济学院出版社,1989年,74-86页.
[148]Hayek, F. A. (1960). The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago, University of Chicago Press中译本,[英]哈耶克著,杨玉生,冯兴元等译,自由宪章,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1998年.
[149]Hayek, F. A. (1967). The Results of Human Action but not of Human Design. Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. F. A. Hayek. London and Henley, Routledge:96-105.中译本,人类行为的结果,但不是人类设计的结果,见哈耶克著,冯克利译,哈耶克文选,南京：江苏人民出版社,2006年,458-468页.
[150]Hayek, F. A. (1967). Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. London and Henley, Routledge.中译本,[英]哈耶克著,冯克利译,哈耶克文选,南京：江苏人民出版社,2006年.
[151]Hayek, F. A. (1968). Competition as a Discovery Procedure. New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (1978) F. A. Hayek. London and Henley, Routledge:179-190.
[152]Hayek, F. A. (1973). Law, Legislation and Liberty:Volume 1, Rules and Order. London, Routledge& Kegan Paul.中译本,[英]哈耶克著,邓正来等译,法律、立法与自由(第l卷),北京：中国大百科全书出版社,2001.
[153]Hayek, F. A. (1979). Law, Legislation and Liberty. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.中译本,[英]哈耶克著,邓正来等译,法律、立法与自由,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,2000年.
[154]Hayek, F. A. (1988). The Fatal Conceit:The Errors of Socialism. London, Routledge.中译本,[英]F.A.哈耶克著,冯克利,胡晋华等译,致命的自负——社会主义的谬误,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2000年.
[155]Heidegger, M. (1927). Sein und Zeit (1979 version). Tubingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag.中译本[德]马丁·海德格尔著,陈嘉映,王庆节译,存在与时间(修订译本),北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999年.
[156]Heiner, R. A. (1983). "The Origin of Predictable Behavior."The American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Seventh) 73(4):560-595.
[157]Helmstadter, E., Ed. (2003). The Economics Of Knowledge Sharing:A New Institutional Approach Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[158]Hempel, C. G. (1943). "A Purely Syntactical Definition of Confirmation."The Journal of Symbolic. Logic 8: 122-143.
[159]Herrmann-Pillath, C. (2001). On the Ontological Foundations of Evolutionary Economics. Evolutionary Economics:Program and Scope. K. Dopfer. Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers:89-139.中译本,何梦笔,演化经济学的本体论基础,见[瑞士]多普菲编,贾根良,刘辉锋等译,演化经济学：纲领与范围,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年,82-127页.
[160]Hirshleifer, J. (1977). "Economics from a Biological Viewpoint." Journal of Law and Economics 20(1): 1-52.
[161]Hirshleifer, J. (1985). "The Expanding Domain of Economics." American Economic Review 75(6):53-68,中译本,杰克·赫什莱佛,扩张中的经济学领域,见罗卫东编,经济学基础文献选读,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2007年,350-375页.
[162]Hirshleifer, J. and J. G. Riley (1992). The Analytics of Uncertainty and Information. Cambridge, New York Cambridge University Press.中译本,[美]杰克·赫什莱佛,[美]约翰·G·赖利著,刘广‘灵,李绍荣译,不确定性与信息分析,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2000年.
[163]Hobson, J. A. (1929). Wealth and Life. London, Macmillan.
[164]Hodgson, G. M. (1992). "Thorstein Veblen and Post-Darwinian Economics." Cambridge Journal of Economics 16(3(September)):285-301.
[165]Hodgson, G. M. (1993). Economics and Evolution:Bring Life Back into Economics. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
[166]Hodgson, G. M. (1993). "The Mecca of Alfred Marshall." The Economic Journal 103(March):406-415.
[167]Hodgson, G. M. (1993). "Theories of Economic Evolution." Manchester School 61(2):125-143.
[168]Hodgson, G. M. (1998). "The Approach of Institutional Economics." Journal of Economic Literature 36(nl, March):166-192. G M.中译本,霍奇逊,制度经济学的方法,见[英]霍奇逊主编,贾根良等译,制度与演化经济学现代文选：关键性概念,北京：高等教育出版社,2005年,291-327页.
[169]Hodgson, G M., Ed. (1998). The Foundations of Evolutionary Economics:1890-1973. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[170]Hodgson, G M. (1999). Evolution and Institutions:On Evolutionary Economics and the Evolution of Economics. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.中译本,杰弗里·M·霍奇逊著,任荣华,张林等译,演化与制度：论演化经济学和经济学的演化,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007年.
[171]Hodgson, G M. (2001). How Economics Forgot History:The Problem of Historical Specificity in Social Science. London, Routledge.中译本,杰弗里·M·霍奇逊著,高伟,马霄鹏,于宛艳译,经济学是如何忘记历史的：社会科学中的历史特性问题,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008年.
[172]Hodgson, G. M., Ed. (2002). A Modern Reader in Institutional and Evolutionary Economics:Key Concepts. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.中译本,[英]杰弗里·M.霍奇逊主编,贾根良,徐尚,王晓蓉,马国旺译,制度与演化经济学现代文选：关键性概念,北京：高等教育出版社,2005年.
[173]Hodgson, G. M. (2004). The Evolution of Institutional Economics:Agency. Structure, and Darwinism in American Institutionalism. London; New York, Routledge.
[174]Hodgson, G M., Ed. (2007). The Evolution of Economic Institutions:A Critical Reader. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar.
[175]Hodgson, G. M., Ed. (2009). Darwinism and Economics. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[176]Hodgson, G. M., W. J. Samuels, et al., Eds. (1994). The Elgar Companion to Institutional and Evolutionary Economics. Aldershot, Edward Elgar.
[177]Hodgson, G M. and E. Screpanti, Eds. (1991). Rethinking Economics:Markets. Technology and Economic Evolution Aldershot, Edward Elgar.
[178]Hofstadter, R. (1959). Social Darwinism in American Thought. New York, Braziller.
[179]Holland, J. H. (1995). Hidden Order:How Adaptation Builds Complexity. Addison-Wesley.中译本,约翰·H·霍兰著,周晓牧,韩晖译.隐秩序——适应性造就复杂性.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000年.
[180]Homans, G. C. (1961). Social Behaviour:Its Elementary Forms (Rev. ed.1974). New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
[181]Howitt, P. and D. N. Weil (2008). Economic Growth. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition. S. N. Durlauf and L. E. Blume, Palgrave Macmillan. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Palgrave Macmillan.06 October 2009 doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0432.
[182]Hughes, T. P. (1982). Networks of Power:Electrification in Western Society.1880-1930. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
[183]Hume, D. (1739). A Treatise of Human Nature (the New Oxford University Press Editions,2000). Oxford University Press.中译本,[英]休谟著,关文运译,人性论,北京：商务印书馆,1996年.
[184]Hume, D. (1748). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1953 version). Austin, University of Texas Press.中译本,[英]休谟著,关文运译,人类理解研究,北京：商务印书馆,1981年.
[185]Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the Wild. Combridge, Mass, MIT Press.中文版,[美]埃德温·哈钦斯著,盛晓明译,荒野中的认知,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2010年.
[186]Huxley, J. S. and T. H. Huxley (1947). Touchstone for Ethics,1893-1943. New York, Harper.
[187]Inwood, M. (2000). Heidegger. Oxford, Oxford University Press.中译本,[英]英伍德著,刘华文译,海德格尔,南京：译林出版社,2009年.
[188]Jacobs, J. (1969). The Economy of Cities. New York, Random House.中译本,[美]雅各布斯著,项婷婷译,城市经济,北京：中信出版社,2007年.
[189]James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York, Henry Holt and Company.
[190]Jensen, H. S., L. M. Ricard, et al., Eds. (2003). The Evolution Of Scientific Knowledge. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[191]Jonas, H. (1979). "Toward a Philosophy of Technology." Hastings Center Report(9(February)):34-43.中译本,汉斯·约那斯,走向技术哲学,见吴国盛编,技术哲学经典读本,上海：上海交通大学出版社,2008年,322-339页.
[192]Jovanovic, M. (2008). Evolutionary Economic Geography:Location of production and the European Union. New York, Routledge.
[193]Kaldor, N. (1985). Economics without Equilibrium. Cardiff, University College Cardiff Press.
[194]Kant, Ⅰ. (1781). Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1787 Edition Ⅱ, Hrsg. von Raymund Schmidt, 1956). Hamgurg, Verlag von Felix Meiner.中译本,[德]康德著,邓晓芒译,杨祖陶校,纯粹理性批判,北京：人民出版社,2004年.
[195]Kapp, K. W. (1976). "The Nature and Significance of Institutional Economics." Kvklos 29(Fasc.2):209-32.
[196]Keirstead, B. S. (1948). The Theory of Economic Change Toronto, Macmillan.
[197]Keynes, J. M. (1921). A Treatise on Probability. London, Macmillan.
[198]Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London, Macmillan.中译本,[英]凯恩斯著,徐毓枬译,就业利息和货币通论,北京：商务印书馆,1997年.
[199]Keynes, J. M. (1937). "The General Theory of Employment." Quarterly Journal of Economics 51(February): 209-223.
[200]Keynes, J. N. (1891). The Scope and Method of Political Economy. London, Macmillan.
[201]Kimberly, J. H. and R. H. Miles, Eds. (1980). The Organizational Life Cycle. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers.
[202]Kindleberger, C. P. (1996). World Economic Primacy:1500-1990. New York, Oxford University Press.中译本,[美]查尔斯·P.金德尔伯格著,高祖贵译,世界经济霸权：1500-1990,北京：商务印书馆,2003年.
[203]Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
[204]Kirzner, I. M. (1985). Discovery and the capitalist process. Chicago, U nivelSity of Chicago Press.
[205]Kline, M. (1953). Mathematics in Western Culture. New York, Oxford University Press.中译本,[美]M·克莱因著,张祖贵译,西方文化中的数学,上海：复旦大学出版社,2004年.
[206]Kline, S. and N. Rosenberg (1986). An Overview of Innovation. The Positive Sum Strategy:Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth. R. Landon and N. Rosenberg. Washington, National Academy Press:275-305.
[207]Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. New York, Houghton Mifflin and Co.中译本,[美]弗兰克·H·奈特著,安佳译,北京：商务印书馆,2007年.
[208]Koopmans, T. C. (1957). Three Essays on the State of Economic Science. New York, McGraw-Hill.
[209]Kotkin, J. (2005). The City:A Global History New York, Modern Library.中译本,乔尔·科特金著,王旭等译,全球城市史,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2006年.
[210]Krugman, P. (1979). "Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition and International Trade." Journal of International Economics 9(4):469-479.
[211]Krugman, P. (1991). "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography." Journal of Political Economy 99(3): 483-499.
[212]Krugman, P. (1995). Development, Geography, and Economic Theory. Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press.中译本,保罗·克鲁格曼著,蔡荣译,发展、地理学与经济理论,北京：北京大学出版社,2002年.
[213]Kuznets, S. S. (1965). Economic Growth and Structure:Selected Essays. New York, Norton.
[214]Lachmann, L. (1971). The Legacy of Max Weber. Berkeley, G lendessary Press.
[215]Landes, D. S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus:Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (2003,2ed.). New York, Cambridge University Press.中译本,[英]大 卫·兰德斯著,谢怀筑译,解除束缚的普罗米修斯：1750年迄今西欧的技术变革和工业发展,北京：华夏出版社,2007年
[216]Langlois, R. N. (1984). Internal Organization in a Dynamic Context:Some Theoretical Considerations. Amsterdam, North-Holland, Elsevier Science Publisher.
[217]Langlois, R. N. (1986). Rationality, Institutions, and Explanation. Economics as a Process:Essays in the New Institutional Economics. R. N. Langlois. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press:225-255.
[218]Laudan, L. (1977). Progress and Its Problems:Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth. Berkeley, University of Califonnia Press中译本,[美]拉里·劳丹著,方在庆译,进步及其问题——科学增长理论刍议,上海：上海译文出版社,1991年.
[219]Lazonick, W. (1990). Competitive Advantage in the Shop Floor. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
[220]Leibenstein, H. (1968). "Entrepreneurship and Development." American Economic Review 58:72-83.
[221]Lesourne, J. and A. Orlean, Eds. (1998). Advances in Self-Organization and Evolutionary Economics. Paris, Economica.
[222]Lester, R. A. (1947). "Marginalism, Minimum Wages, and Labor Markets." American Economic Review 37(1 (March)):135-148.
[223]Leydesdorff, L. and P. V. d. Besselaar, Eds. (1994). Evolutionary Economics and Chaos Theory:New Directions in Technology Studies. London, Pinter.
[224]Lin, J. Y. (1995). "The Needham Puzzle:Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originate in China." Economic Development and Cultural Change(2):269-192.中译本,林毅夫,李约瑟之谜：工业革命为什么没有发源于中国,见林毅夫,论制度、技术与中国农业,上海：上海人民出版社、三联出版社,1993年,244-291页.
[225]Lindahl, E. (1934). A Note on the Dynamic Pricing Problem. Mimeo, Gothenburg,13. Studien zur Entstehung der Neuen Wirtschaftslehre in Schweden. Eine Anti-Kritik (1971).O. Steiger. Berlin, Duncker & Humblot.
[226]List, F. (1841). Das Nationale System der Politischen Okonomie. Stuttgart and Tubingen, G. Cotta'scher Verlag中译本,[德]弗里德里希·李斯特著,陈万煦译,政治经济学的国民体系,北京：商务印书馆,1961年.
[227]Loasby. B. J. (1976). Choice. Complexity and Ignorance:an Inquiry into Economic. Theory and the Practice of Decision Making. Cambridge, Cambridge University.
[228]Loasby, B. J. (1999). Knowledge. Institutions and Evolution in Economics. London, Routledge.
[229]Loasby, B. J. (2001). Selection Processes in Economics. Evolutionary Economics:Program and Scope. K. Dopfer. Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers:253-276.中译本,布莱恩·罗斯比,经济学中的选择过程,[瑞士]多普菲编,贾根良,刘辉锋等译,演化经济学：纲领与范围,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年,234-254页.
[230]Louca, F. and M. Perlman, Eds. (2000). Is Economics an Evolutionary Science?:The Legacy of Thorstein Veblen. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.
[231]Lucas, R. E. (1975). "An Equilibrium Model of the Business Cycle." Journal of Political Economy 83(6): 1113-1144.
[232]Lucas, R. E. (1981). "Tobin and Monetarism:A Review Article." Journal of Economic Literature 19(2): 558-567.
[233]Lucas, R. E. (1988). "On the Mechanics of Economic Development." Journal of Monetary Economics 22(1): 3-42.
[234]Lucas, R. E. (2000). "Some Macroeconomics for the 21st Century." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(1):159-168.中译本,卢卡斯,写给21世纪的宏观经济学,见[美]小罗伯特·E·卢卡斯著,罗汉,应洪基译,经济发展讲座,南京：江苏人民出版社,2003年,101-112页.
[235]Lundvall, B. A. and B. Johnson (1994). "The Learning Economy." Journal of Industry Studies 1(2, December):23-42.
[236]Maddison, A. (2001). The World Economy:A Millennial Perspective. Paris, OECD.中译本,[英]麦迪森著,伍晓鹰,许宪春等译,世界经济千年史,北京：北京大学出版社,2003年.
[237]Magnusson, L. and J. Ottosson, Eds. (2009). The Evolution Of Path Dependence. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[238]Malthus, T. R. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population (6th. edns,1926 reprinted). London, Macmillan.中译本,[英]马尔萨斯著,朱泱,胡企林,朱和中译,人口原理,北京：商务印书馆,1992年.
[239]Marschak, J. (1949). "Role of Liquidity under Complete and Incomplete Information." The American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Seventh) 39:182-195.
[240]Marshall, A. (1898). Industry and Trade. London, Macmillan.
[241]Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of Economics 8th ed. London, Macmillan.中译本,[英]A·马歇尔著,朱志泰译,经济学原理,北京：商务印书馆,1961年.
[242]Marx, K. (1859). A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, trans. SW Ryazanskaya. ed. Maurice Dobb (1971). London, Lawrence and Wishart.中译本,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编,马克思恩格斯选集(第2卷),北京：人民出版社,1995年第2版.
[243]Marx, K. (1867). Capital:Critique of Political Economy (1867,1885,1894),中译本,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局译,资本论,北京：人民出版社,2004年.
[244]Maxwell, J. C. (1873(1995)). Essay for the Eranus Club on Science and Free Will. The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, Vol. II. P. M. Harman. Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press.
[245]Mayr, E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge, MA., Belknap Press.
[246]Mayr, E. (2001). What Evolution Is. New York, Basic Books.中译本,[美]恩斯特·迈尔著,田洺译,进化是什么,上海：上海科学技术出版社,2009年.
[247]Medawar, P. (1967). The Art of the Soluble:Creativity and Originality in Science (6th ed.). London, Methuen.
[248]Mendel, G (1866). "Versuche Uber Pflanzen-Hybriden." Verh. Naturforsch. Ver. Briinn 4:3-47. in English in 1901, J. R. Hortic. Soc.26:1-32.
[249]Menger, C. (1871). Grundsatze der Volkswirtschaftslehre (Principles of Economics) Wien, Wilhelm Braumuller.中译本,[奥]卡尔·门格尔著,刘絮敖译,国民经济学原理,上海：上海人民出版社,2001年.
[250]Menger, C. (1883). Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics(1985). Translated by Francis J. Nock. Edited by L. White. New York, New York University Press.中译本,[奥]卡尔·门格尔著,姚中秋译,经济学方法论探索,北京：新星出版社,2007年.
[251]Metcalfe, J. S. (1998). Evolutionary Economics and Creative Destruction. London, Rout ledge.中译本,[英]梅特卡夫著,冯健译,演化经济学与创造性毁灭,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007年.
[252]Metcalfe, J. S. (2001). Evolutionary Approaches to Population Thinking and the Problem of Growth and Development. Evolutionary Economics:Program and Scope. K. Dopfer. Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers:141-164.中译本,斯坦利·梅特卡夫,个体群思维的演化方法与增长和发展问题,[瑞士]多普菲编,贾根良,刘辉锋等译,演化经济学：纲领与范围,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年,130-150页.
[253]Mirrlees, J. A. (1974). Notes on Welfare Economics, Information and Uncertainty. Essays in Equilibrium Behavior under Uncertainty. M. Balch, D. McFadden and S. Wu. New York, North-Holland.
[254]Mirrlees, J. A. (1976). "The Optimal Structure of Incentives and Authority within an Organization." Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 7(1):105-131.
[255]Mises, L. V. (1949). Human Action:a Treatise on Economics (1963 version). New Haven, Yale University Press.中译本,米塞斯著,夏道平译,人的行为,台北：远流出版社,1991年修订版(根据1966年第三版 译出).
[256]Monod, J. (1971). Chance and Necessity:An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology. New York, Alfred A. Knopf.中译本,[法]雅克·莫诺著,上海外国自然科学哲学著作编译组译,偶然性和必然性：略论现代生物学的自然哲学,上海：上海人民出版社,1977年.
[257]Moran, L. (1993). "What is Evolution?" TalkOrigins Archive. from http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-fact.html.
[258]Mulligan, C. B. and X. Sala-I-Martin (1993). "Transitional Dynamics in Two-Sector Models of Endogenous Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3):737-773.
[259]Myrdal, G.(1933). Der Gleichgewichtsbegriff als Instrument der geldtheoretischen Analyse. Beitrage zur Geldtheorie. F. A. Hayek. Vienna, J. Springer.2nd revised version trans. as Myrdal (1939), Monetary Equilibrium. London:Hodge.
[260]Myrdal, G.(1957). Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions. London, Duckworth.
[261]Nagel, E. (1963). "Assumptions in Economic Theory." American Economic Review 53:211-219.
[262]Nagel, E. and J. R. Newman (1958). Godel's Proof. New York, New York University Press.中译本,[美]内格尔,[美]纽曼著,陈东威,连永君译,哥德尔证明,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008年.
[263]Nelson, R. R. (1982). Government and Technical Progress:A Cross-industry Analysis. Oxford, Pergamon Press.
[264]Nelson, R. R. (1987). Understanding Technical Change As an Evolutionary Process. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Ltd.
[265]Nelson, R. R. (1995). "Recent Evolutionary Theorizing about Economic Change." Journal of Economic Literature(March):48-90.
[266]Nelson, R. R. (1996). The Sources of Economic Growth. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press,中译本,[美]理查德·R.纳尔森著,汤光华等译,经济增长的源泉,北京：中国经济出版社,2001年.
[267]Nelson, R. R. (2001). The Coevolution of Technology and Institutions as the Driver of Economic Growth. Frontiers of Evolutionary Economics:Competition, Self-Organization and Innovation Policy. J. Foster and J. S. Metcalfe. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar:19-30.中译本,理查德·纳尔逊,作为经济增长驱动力的技术与制度的协同演化,见[澳]福斯特,[英]梅特卡夫主编,贾根良,刘刚译,演化经济学前沿：竞争、自组织与创新政策,北京：高等教育出版社,2005：19-29.
[268]Nelson, R. R. (2001). Evolutionary Perspectives on Economic Growth. Evolutionary Economics:Program and Scope. K. Dopfer. Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers:165-194.中译本,理查德·纳尔逊,经济增长的演化观,[瑞士]多普菲编,贾根良,刘辉锋等译,演化经济学：纲领与范围,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年,151-180页.
[269]Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press中译本,[美]理查德·R·纳尔逊,悉尼·G·温特著,胡世凯译,经济变迁的演化理论,北京：商务印书馆,1997年.
[270]Newman, J. R. (1956). The World of Mathematics (vol.2). New York:, Simon and Schuster. [271] Niehans, J. (1987). Transaction Cost. The New Palgrave:a dictionary of economics(vol.4). J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman. London, The Marmillan Press中译本,于尔格·尼汉斯,交易成本,见约翰·伊特韦尔,默里·米尔盖特,彼得·纽曼编,新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典(第四卷),北京：经济科学出版社,1996年,730-733页：728-733.
[272]Nielsen, K. and B. Johnson, Eds. (1998). Institutions And Economic Change:New Perspectives on Markets. Firms and Technology Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[273]Nooteboom, B. (1999). "Learning, Innovation and Industrial Organisation." Cambridge Journal of Economics(23):127-50.
[274]Nooteboom, B. (2001). From Evolution to Language and Learning. Cheltenham. UK. J. Foster and J. S. Metcalfe. Edward Elgar:41-69.中译本,巴特·努特鲍姆,从演化到语言和学习,见[澳]福斯特,[英]梅特卡夫主编,贾根良,刘刚译,演化经济学前沿：竞争、自组织与创新政策,北京：高等教育出版社，2005年,42-72页.
[275]North, D. C. (1978). "Structure and Performance:The Task of Economic History." Journal of Economic Literature 16(3):963-978.
[276]North, D. C. (1981). Structure and Change in Economic History. New York, Norton.中译本,[美]道格拉斯·C·诺思著,陈郁等译,经济史中的结构与变迁,上海：上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1994年
[277]North, D. C. (1987). "Institutions,Transaction Costs and Economic Growth." Economic Inquiry 25(3): 419-428.
[278]North, D. C. (1990). Institutions. Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York, Cambridge University Press.中译本,道格拉斯·C·诺斯著,刘守英译,制度、制度变迁与经济绩效,上海：上海三联书店,1994年.
[279]North, D. C. (1994). "Economic Performance Through Time." American Economic Review 84(June):359-368.中译本,道格拉斯·诺斯,时间进程中的经济成效,见罗卫东编,经济学基础文献选读,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2007年,295-307页.
[280]North, D. C. (2003). Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Forum Series on the Role of Institutions in Promoting Economic Growth, sponsored by United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
[281]North, D. C. (2005). Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton, Princeton University Press.中译本,[美]道格拉斯·诺思著,钟正生,邢华等译,理解经济变迁过程,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2008年.
[282]North, D. C. and R. P. Thomas (1971). "The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System:a Theoretical Model." Journal of Economic History 31(December):777-803.中译本,道格拉斯·诺思,罗伯特·保罗·托马斯,庄园制度的兴起和衰落：一个理论模型,见盛洪主编,现代制度经济学(上卷),北京：北京大学出版社,2003年,303-321页.
[283]North, D. C. and R. P. Thomas (1973). The Rise of the Western World:A New Economic History. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.中译本,道格拉斯·诺斯,罗伯特·托马斯著,厉以平、蔡磊译,西方世界的兴起,北京：华夏出版社,1989年.
[284]Norton, B. (1988). Commodity, Amenity, and Morality:the Limits of Quantification in Valuing Biodiversity. biodiversity. E. O. Wilson. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
[285]Ohlin, B. (1937). "Some Notes on the Stockholm Theory of Savings and Investment I-II." Economic Journal 47:53-69,221-240.
[286]Ormerod, P. (1994). The Death of Economics. Faber and Faber.
[287]Ormerod, P. (1998). Butterfly Economics:A New General Theory of Social and Economic Behavior. London:, Faber and Faber.
[288]Ormerod, P. (2005). Why Most Things Fail:Evolution, Extinction and Economics. Hoboken:New Jersey, Wiley.中译本,[英]保罗·奥默罗德著,陈超译,达尔文经济学,北京：中信出版社,2009年.
[289]Pelikan, P. and G. Wegner, Eds. (2003). The Evolutionary Analysis Of Economic Policy. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[290]Penrose, E. T. (1952). "Biological Analogies in the theory of the firm." American Economic Review 42: 804-819.
[291]Perez, C. (1983). "Structural Change and the Assimilation of New Technologies in the Economic and Social System." Futures 15(5):357-375.
[292]Peters, E. E. (1999). Complexity. Risk, and Financial Markets. New York, John Wiley. and Sons, Ins.中译本,[美]埃德加.E.彼得斯著,宋学锋等译,复杂性、风险与金融市场,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004年.
[293]Pollack, H. N. (2003). Uncertain Science... Uncertain World. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.中译本,[美]享利·N·波拉克著,李萍萍译，不确定的科学与不确定的世界,上海：上海科技教育出版社,2005年.
[294]Popper, K. R. (1972). Objective Knowledge:An Evolutionary Approach. London, Oxford University Press.中译本,[英]卡尔·波普尔著,舒炜光,卓如飞等译,客观知识——一个进化论的研究,上海：上海译文出版社,1987年.
[295]Potts, J. (2000). The New Evolutionary Microeconomics:Complexity, Competence, and Adaptive Behavior. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[296]Potts, J. (2001). Commentary:History-friendly Theories in Economics - Reconciling Universality and Context in Evolutionary Analysis. Frontiers of Evolutionary Economics:Competition, Self-Organization and Innovation Policy. J. Foster and J. S. Metcalfe. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar:188-194.中译本,贾森·波茨,评论：经济学中历史友好的理论——在演化分析中调和普遍性与脉络,见[澳]福斯特,[英]梅特卡夫主编,贾根良,刘刚译,演化经济学前沿：竞争、自组织与创新政策,北京：高等教育出版社,2005年,198-204页.
[297]Prigogine, I. (1997). The End of Certainty:Time. Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature. New York, Free Press.中译本,伊利亚·普利高津著,湛敏译,确定性的终结——时间、混沌与新自然法则,上海：上海科技教育出版社,1998年.
[298]Prigogine, I. and I. Stengers (1984). Order out of Chaos. Man's New Dialogue with Nature. New York, Bantam Books.中译本,[比]普里戈金,[法]斯唐热著,曾庆宏,沈小峰译,从混沌到有序——人与自然的新对话,上海：上海译文出版社,2005年.
[299]Pyka, A. and H. Hanusch, Eds. (2006). Applied Evolutionary Economics And The Knowledge-Based Economy. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[300]Qian, Y. (2000). The Institutional Foundations of China's Market Transition. Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1999. B. Pleskovic and J. Stiglitz. Washington,. D.C., The World Bank. 289-310.
[301]Raffaelli, T. (2002). Marshall's Evolutionary Economics. London, Routledge.
[302]Ramsey, F. P. (1926). Truth and Probability (1990 reprinted). Philosophical papers:F. P. Ramsey. D. H. Mellor. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.中译本,拉姆齐,真理与概率,见江天骥编,科学哲学名著选读,武汉：湖北人民出版社,1988年,39-77页
[303]Rebelo, S. (1991). "Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth." Journal of Political Economy 99(3): 500-521.
[304]Robbins, L. (1935). On the Nature and Significance of Economic Science. London, Macmillan.
[305]Robinson, P. (1995). "Paul Romer." Forbes ASAP(June,7):67-72.中译本,彼得·罗宾逊著,吴荫东译,保罗·罗默谈新增长理论——保罗·罗默访谈录,经济资料译丛,1996年第1期,38-41页.
[306]Romer, D. (2001). Advanced Macroeconomics. Second Edition. New York, McGraw Hill.中译本,[美]戴维·罗默著,王根培译,高级宏观经济学,上海：上海财经大学出版社,2003年.
[307]Romer, P. M. (1986). "Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth." Journal of Political Economy 95(5): 1002-1037.
[308]Romer, P. M. (1987). "Growth Based on Increasing Returns due to Specialization." American Economic Review 77(2):56-62.
[309]Romer, P. M. (1990). "Endogenous Technological Change." Journal of Political Economy 98(5):S71-S102.
[310]Roscher, W. G. F. (1843). Grundriss zu Vorlesungen uber die Staatswirtschaft nach geschichtlicher Methode. Gottingen, Die Dieterichsche Buchhandlung.中译本,[德]威廉·罗雪尔著,朱绍文译,历史方法的国民经济学讲义大纲,北京：商务印书馆,1986年.
[311]Rubinstein, A. (2000). Economics and Language. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.中译本,鲁 宾斯坦著,钱勇,周翼译,经济学与语言,上海：上海财经大学出版社,2004年.
[312]Russell, B. (1948). Human Knowledge:Its Scope and Limits (sixth impression 1976). London, George Allen & Unwin.
[313]Russell, B. (1950). Unpopular Essays. London, George Allen & Unwin.
[314]Sala-i-Martin, X. (2002). "15 Years of New Growth Economics:What Have we Learnt?" Journal Economia Chilena 5(2):5-15中译本,夏威尔·萨拉—伊—马丁,15年来的新经济增长理论：我们学到了什么?,比较(19),北京：中信出版社,2005年,第127-142页.
[315]Savage, L. J. (1954). The Foundations of Statistics. New York, John Wiley, and Dover,2nd revised edn, 1972.
[316]Saviotti, P. (2001). Considerations about a Production System with Qualitative Change. Frontiers of Evolutionary Economics:Competition, Self-Organization and Innovation Policy. J. Foster and J. S. Metcalfe. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar:197-227.中译本,保罗·萨维奥蒂,对一个存在质变的生产系统的考察,见[澳]福斯特,[英]梅特卡夫主编,贾根良,刘刚译,演化经济学前沿：竞争、自组织与创新政策,北京：高等教育出版社,2005年,207-233页.
[317]Saviotti, P. P., Ed. (2003). Applied Evolutionary Economics:New Empirical Methods and Simulation Techniques. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[318]Say, J.-B. (1819). Traite d'economie Politique 4th edn. trans. C. Prinsep (1821) Boston, Wells and Lilly.中译本,[法]萨伊著,陈福生,陈振骅译,政治经济学概论：财富的生产、分配和消费,北京：商务印书馆,1997年.
[319]Schank, R. C. and R. P. Abelson (1977). Scripts, Plans, Goals and uUderstanding:An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures. Hillsdale, New Jersey Erlbaum.
[320]Schotter, A. (1981). The Economic Theory of Social Institutions. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.中译本,安德鲁·肖特著,陆铭,陈钊译,社会制度的经济理论,上海：上海财经大学出版社,2003年.
[321]Schrodinger, E. (1922). What Is a Law of Nature(the inaugural lecture at Zurich, James Murphy trans.1957). Science Theory and Man. E. Schrodinger. New York, Dover Publications.
[322]Schrodinger, E. (1944,1958). What is Life?:The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell:With Mind and Matter & Autobiographical Sketches (2000, composed and reprinted). Cambridge, Cambridge UP.中译本,薛定谔著,罗来欧,罗辽复译,生命是什么,长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2003年.
[323]Schultz, T. W. (1963). The Economic Value of Education. New York, Columbia University Press.
[324]Schultz, T. W. (1964). Transforming Traditional Agriculture. New Haven, Yale University Press.中译本,[美]西奥多·W·舒尔茨著,梁小民译,改造传统农业,北京：商务印书馆,1987年.
[325]Schumpeter, J. A. (1912). The Theory of Economic Development:An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle(1934, English transaction version). Cambridge, Harvard University Press.中译本,[美]约瑟夫·熊彼特著,何畏,易家详等译,经济发展理论——对于利润、资本、信贷、利息和经济周期的考察,北京：商务印书馆,1991年.
[326]Schumpeter, J. A. (1914). Epochen der Dogmen und Methodengeschichte. Grundriss der Sozialokonomik, I. Abteilung. Wirtschaft und Wirtschaftswissenschaft. M. Weber. Tubingen, J.C.B. Mohr:19-124. trans. by R. Aris, Economic Doctrine and Method:An Historical Sketch, London:George Allen & Unwin.
[327]Schumpeter, J. A. (1935). "The Analysis of Economic Change." Review of Economic Statistics 17:2-10.
[328]Schumpeter, J. A. (1943). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Fifth Edition 1976). London, George Allen & Unwin.中译本,[美]约瑟夫·熊彼特著,吴良健译,资本主义、社会主义与民主,北京：商务印书馆,1999年.
[329]Schumpeter, J. A. (1954). History of Economic Analysis. New York, Oxford University Press[美]约瑟夫熊彼特著,杨敬年译,经济分析史(第二卷),北京：商务印书馆,1992年.
[330]Shackle, G. L. S. (1972). Epistemics & Economics:a Critique of Economic Doctrines. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
[331]Sheshinski, E. (1967). Optimal Accumulation with Learning by Doing. Essays on the Theory of Optimal Economic Growth. K. Shell. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.31-52.
[332]Shiba, Y. (1977). Ningpo and Its Hinterland. The City in Late Imperial China. G. W. Skinner. Stanford, Stanford University Press:391-440中译本,斯波义信,宁波及其腹地,见[美]施坚雅主编,叶光庭,徐自立等译,中华帝国晚期的城市,北京：中华书局,2000年,469-526页.
[333]Silverberg, G. and L. Soete, Eds. (1993). The Economics of Growth and Technical Change:Technologies. Nations, Agents. Aldershot, Edward Elgar.
[334]Silverberg, G. and B. Verspagen (1994). "Learning, Innovation and Economic Growth:a Long-run Model of Industrial Dynamics." Industrial and Corporate Change 3:199-223.
[335]Silverberg, G and B. Verspagen (1995). Evolutionary Theorizing on Economic Growth. The Evolutionary Principles of Economics. K. Dopfer. Norwell, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[336]Simon, H. A. (1956). "Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment." Psychological Review 63:129-138.中译本,理性选择和环境结构,见[美]赫伯特·西蒙著,黄涛译,西蒙选集,北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,2002年,228-244.
[337]Simon, H. A. (1960). The New Science of Management Decision (Revised edition,1977). Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.中译本,[美]赫伯特·A·西蒙著,李柱流,汤俊澄等译,管理决策新科学,北京：中国社会科学出版社,1982年.
[338]Simon, H. A. (1976). From Substantive to Procedural Rationality. Method and Appraisal in Economics. S. Latsis. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.中译本,从实质理性到过程理性,见[美]赫伯特·西蒙著,黄涛译,西蒙选集,北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,2002年,245-270页.
[339]Simon, H. A. (1982). Models of Bounded Rationality (Vol.12,3(1997)). London, The MIT Press.中译本(节译),[美]赫伯特·西蒙著,黄涛译,西蒙选集,北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,2002年.
[340]Simon, H. A. (1986). "Rationality in Psychology and Economics." The Journal of Business 59(4):209-224.中译本,心理学和经济学中的理性,见[美]赫伯特·西蒙著,黄涛译,西蒙选集,北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社,2002年,337-357页.
[341]Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Oxford, Clarendon Press.中译本,[英]亚当·斯密著,郭大力,王亚南译,国民财富的性质和原因的研究(上、下卷),北京：商务印书馆,1983年.
[342]Smith, J. M. and G. R. Price (1973). "The Logic of Animal Conflict." Nature 246:15-18.
[343]Solow, R. M. (1956). "A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics 70:65-94.
[344]Sombart, W. (1902). Der Moderne Kapitalismus (vol 1). Erster Band, Die Genesis des.中译本,桑巴特著,李季译,现代资本主义(第一卷),北京：商务印书馆,1958年.
[345]Spencer, H. (1851). Social Statics (1969 version). New York, Augustus M. Kelley.
[346]Spencer, H. (1897). The Principles of Sociology.2 vols. New York, D. Appleton.
[347]Stigler, G. J. (1961). "The Economics of Information." Journal of Political Economy 69(3):213-225.
[348]Streissler, E. (1972). "To What Extent Was the Austrian School Marginalist?" History of Political Economy 4(Fall):426-441.
[349]Swan, T. W. (1956). "Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation." Economic Record 32(November): 334-361.
[350]Tamura, R. (1996). "From Decay to Growth:A Demographic Transition to Economic Growth." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 20:1237-1262.
[351]Thomas, B. (1991). "Alfred Marshall on Economics Biology." Review of Political Economy 3(1):1-14.
[352]Tinbergen, N. (1951). The Study of Instinct. London and New York, Oxford University Press.
[353]Tool, M. R., Ed. (1988). Evolutionary Economics (vol Ⅰ):Foundations of Institutional Thought London, M. E. Sharpe Inc
[354]Tool, M. R., Ed. (1988). Evolutionary Economics(Vol. Ⅱ):Institutional Theory and Policy. London, M. E. Sharpe Inc.
[355]Tool, M. R. (1991). Contributions to an Institutionalist Theory of Price Determination. Rethinking Economics:Markets, Technology and Economic Evolution. G. M. Hodgson and E. Screpanti. Aldershot, Edward Elgar:19-39,中译本,马克—R.图尔,价格决定的制度主义理论,见[英]霍奇逊主编,贾根良等译,制度与演化经济学现代文选：关键性概念,北京：高等教育出版社,2005年,23-48页.
[356]Trefil, J. (1994). A Scientist in the City. New York, Doubleday.中译本,詹姆斯·特拉菲尔著,赖慈芸译,未来城,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2000年.
[357]Tsur, Y. and A. Zemel (2007). "Towards Endogenous Recombinant Growth." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 31(111:3459-3477.
[358]Van Asselt, M. B. A. (2000). Perspectives on Uncertainty and Risk:The PRIMA approach to decision support. Netherlands, Kluwer.
[359]Vaughn, K. I. (1998). Austrian Economics in America:The Migration of a Tradition. New York, Cambridge University Press.中译本,[美]沃恩著,朱全红等译,奥地利学派经济学在美国：一个传统的迁入,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2008年.
[360]Veblen, T. (1914). The Instinct of Workmanship, and the State of the Industrial Arts. New York, Macmillian.
[361]Veblen, T. (1919). The Vested Interests and the Common Man. New York, Heubsch.
[362]Veblen, T. (1934(1909)). Essays in Our Changing Order (Edited by Leon Ardzrooni). New York, The Viking Press.
[363]Veblen, T. B. (1898). ""Why Is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science?" Quarterly Journal of Economics12：373-397.中译本,索尔斯坦·凡勃伦著,贾根良译,经济学为什么不是一门演化(进化)科学?,见政治经济学评论,北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004年第2辑.
[364]Veblen, T. B. (1899). The Theory of the Leisure Class:An Economic Study of Institutions. New York, Macmillan.中译本,[美]凡勃伦著,蔡受百译,有闲阶级论—关于制度的经济研究,北京：商务印书馆,1964年.
[365]Veblen, T. B. (1919). The Place of Science in Modern Civilisation and Other Essays. New York, Huebsch.
[366]Velben, T. (1915). Imperial Gennany and the Industry Revolution. New York, Macmillan.
[367]Vickrey, W. (1960). "Utility, Strategy, and Social Decision Rules." Quarterly Journal of Economics 74(November):507-535.
[368]Vickrey, W. (1961). "Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders." Journal of Finance 16: 8-37.
[369]Vining, R. (1949). "Methodological Issues in Quantitative Economics." Review of Economics and Statistics 31(2(May)):77-86.
[370]von Wright, G. H. (1966). The paradoxes of confirmation. Aspects of inductive logic. J. Hintikka and P. Suppes. Amsterdam, North-Holland.中译本,冯·赖特,确证悖论,见冯·赖特著,陈波,胡泽洪,周祯祥译,知识之树,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年,355-369：208-218.
[371]Vromen, J. J. (1995). Economic Evolution:An Inquiry into the Foundations of the New Institutional Economics. London and New York, Routledge.中译本,[荷]杰克·J·弗罗门著,李振明,刘社建,齐柳明译,经济演化——探究新制度经济学的理论基础,北京：经济科学出版社,2003年.
[372]Walker, D. M. (1980). The Oxford Companion to the Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
[373]Weitzman, M. L. (1998). "Recombinant Growth." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 113(2):331-360.
[374]Williamson, O. E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York, New York Free Press.中译本,[美]奥利弗.E.威廉姆森著,段毅才,王伟译,资本主义经济制度,北京：商务印书馆,2002年.
[375]Williamson, O. E. and S. G. Winter (1991). The Nature of the Firm:Origins, Evolution, and Development. New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press.中译本,[美]奥利弗·E·威廉姆森,西德尼·G·温特编,姚海鑫,邢源源译,企业的性质：起源、演变和发展,北京：商务印书馆,2007年.
[376]Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.
[377]Winter, S. G. (1964). "Economic "Natural Selection" and the Theory of the Firm." Yale Economic Essays 4: 225-272.
[378]Winter, S. G.(1987). Competition and Selection. The New Palgrave:a Dictionary of Economics. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman. London, The Marmillan Press.1:545-548.中译本,悉尼·G·温特著,竞争与选择,见约翰·伊特韦尔,默里·米尔盖特,彼得·纽曼编,新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典,北京：经济科学出版社,1996年(第一卷),591-595页.
[379]Winter, S. G.(1987). Natural Selection and Evolution. The New Palgrave:a dictionary of economics. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman. London, The Marmillan Press.3:614-617.中译本,悉尼·G·温特著,自然选择与演化,见约翰·伊特韦尔,默里·米尔盖特,彼得·纽曼编,新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典,北京：经济科学出版社,1996年(第三卷),658-662页.
[380]Witt, U., Ed. (1992). Explaining Process and Change:Approaches to Evolutionary Economics. Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press.
[381]Witt, U., Ed. (1993). Evolutionary Economics. Cheltenham,UK, Edward Elgar.
[382]Witt, U. (1993). Introduction. Evolutionary Economics. U. Witt. Cheltenham,UK, Edward Elgar.
[383]Witt, U. (2001). Evolutionary Economics:An Interpretative Survey. Evolutionary Economics:Program and Scope. K. Dopfer. Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers:45-88.中译本,乌尔里克·威特,演化经济学：一个阐释性评述,[瑞士]多普菲编,贾根良,刘辉锋等译,演化经济学：纲领与范围,北京：高等教育出版社,2004年,40-81页.
[384]Witt, U. (2003). The Evolving Economy:Essays on the Evolutionary Approach to Economics. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[385]Witt, U. (2008). Evolutionary Economics. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition. S. N. Durlauf and L. E. Blume, Palgrave Macmillan. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Palgrave Macmillan.06 October 2009 doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0511.
[386]Witt, U., Ed. (2008). Recent Developments in Evolutionary Economics. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
[387]Wynne, B. (1996). May the Sheep Safely Graze? A Reflexive View of the Expert-Lay Knowledge Divide. Risk, Environment and Modernity:Towards a New Ecology. S. Lash, B. Szerszynski and B. Wynne. London, Sage: 44-83.
[388]Young, A. (1928). "Increasing Returns and Economic Progress." Economic Journal 38(152):527-542.中译本,阿伦·扬格,报酬递增与经济进步,见罗卫东编,经济学基础文献选读,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2007年,272-281年.
[389]Young, H. P. (1998). Individual Strategy and Social Structure. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.中译本,[美]H·培顿·扬著,王勇译,个人策略与社会结构---度的演化理论,上海,上海人民出版社,2004年.
[390]Yu, G. and H. Zhang (2008). "Adaptive Efficiency and Financial Development in China:The Role of Contracts and Contractual Enforcement." Journal of International Commercial Law 11(2):459-494.
[391]Zappia, C. (1996). Radical Subjectivism and Austrian Economics. Subjectivism aced Economic Analysis. M. G. and K. R. London, Routledge.
[392]Ziman, J. M. (1976). The Force of Knowledge:The Scientific Dimension of Society. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.中译本,约翰·齐曼著,许立达等译,上海：上海科学技术出版社,1985年.
[393](1989). Oxford English Dictionary (Second Edition), Oxford University Press. Oxford English Dictionary version 3.0 (2002 Electronic version).
[394](1993). Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.version 2.5 (Electronic version).
[395][德]马克思,恩格斯(1979).马克思恩格斯全集(第46卷).北京,人民出版社.
[396][德]尼采著,周国平译(1994).希腊悲剧时代的哲学.北京,商务印书馆.
[397][古希腊]柏拉图著,王晓朝译(2003).柏拉图全集(第2卷).北京,人民出版社.
[398][古希腊]亚里士多德著and吴寿彭译(1995).形而上学.北京,商务印书馆.
[399][古希腊]亚里士多德著and张竹明译(1982).物理学.北京,商务印书馆.
[400][汉]班固撰and[唐]颜师古注(1999).汉书.北京,中华书局.
[401][西汉]刘向集录(1985).战国策.上海,上海古籍出版社.
[402](1976).中文大辞典(第一次修订版·普及本),中华学术院印行.
[403]北京大学哲学系外国哲学史教研室编译(1961).古希腊罗马哲学.北京,商务印书馆.
[404]陈鼓应(1983).庄子今注今译.北京,中华书局.
[405]陈鼓应(1984).老子注译及评价.北京,中华书局.
[406]陈克艰(1987).上帝怎样掷骰子：因果性、概率与归纳.成都,四川人民出版社.
[407]陈平(2000).文明分岔、经济混沌和演化经济学.北京,经济科学出版社.
[408]陈禹(2003).”复杂性研究的新动向--基于主体建模方法及启迪.”系统辨证学学报11(1)：43-50.
[409]杜月昇(2004).个人知识的增进与市场经济的演化.北京,中国经济出版社.
[410]范式涛(2004).”熊彼特的烦恼和鲍莫尔的解决之道.”IT经理世界(4).
[411]高亨(1975).周易大传今注(1998年齐鲁书店版).济南,齐鲁书店.
[412]顾朝林(1996).中国城镇体系——历史·现状·展望.北京,商务印书馆.
[413]广东省统计局编(2009).广东统计年鉴(2009).北京,中国统计出版社.
[414]广州市地方志编纂委员会(1995).广州市志.广州,广州出版社.
[415]广州市地方志编纂委员会(1995).广州市志,卷三.广州,广州出版社.
[416]广州市统计局and国家统计局广州调查队(2008).广州统计年鉴(2008).北京,中国统计出版社.
[417]贺麟(1990).哲学与哲学史论文集.北京,商务印书馆.
[418]黄枫,申洪(2004).”基于CryptoAPI的生物医学真随机数的生成器.”第四军医大学学报25(19)：1819-1821.
[419]黄凯南(2010).现代演化经济学基础理论研究.杭州,浙江大学出版社.
[420]贾根良(2003).演化经济学：经济学革命的策源地.太原,山西人民出版社.
[421]贾根良(2005).演化经济学译丛总序.制度与演化经济现代文选：关键性概念.霍奇逊著,贾根良等译.北京,高等教育出版社：Ⅰ-Ⅵ.
[422]造化经济学会,Ed.(1998).進化经济学とは何か有斐閣.
[426]孔祥毅等(2002).百年金融制度变迁与金融协调.北京,中国社会科学出版社.
[427]老子(约A.D.500).道德经.见(陈鼓应，1984).
[428]雷国雄(2010).雇佣契约中的自由处量权.广州,暨南大学特区港澳经济研究所.
[429]雷国雄(2010).”论阿尔奇安“不确定性、演化和经济理论”中的谬误.”制度经济学研究.3l(1).
[430]雷国雄(2010).企业的知识分工性质.广州.
[431]雷国雄(2010).以演化观《老子》.手稿.
[432]雷国雄,陈恩(2009).”制度变迁：一个拟生物演化模型.”经济学季刊8(4)：1591-1614.
[433]李学勤,Ed.(1999).十三经注疏·春秋左传正义.十三经注疏.北京,北京大学出版社.
[434]林毅夫(2002).“发展战略、自生能力和经济收敛.”经济堂(季刊)1(2)：269-300.
[435]林毅夫,张鹏飞(2006).“适宜技术、技术选择和发展中国家的经济增长.”经济堂(季刊)5(4)：985-1006.
[436]刘伟,严厚琤(1995).工业化进程中的产业结构研究.北京,中国人民大学出版社.
[437]苗力田,Ed.(1989).古希腊哲学.北京,中国人民出版社.
[438]钱学森,戴汝为,et al.(1990,).“一个科学新领域--开放的复杂巨系统及其方法论.”自然杂志13(1)：3-10.
[439]秦海(2001).“阿弗纳·格雷夫的历史制度分析.”经济社会体制比较(2)：37-45.
[440]宋胜洲(2008).基于知识的演化经济学：对基于理性的主流经济学的挑战.上海,上海人民出版社.
[441]汪丁丁(2008).经济思想史讲义.上海,上海人民出版社.
[442]王以铸译(1959).希罗多德历史；希腊波斯战争史.北京,商务印书馆.
[443]韦森(2007).从中国历史看市场经济的周期性兴衰--韦森教授在复旦大学的讲演.文汇报：4月22日,第6版.
[444]郁光华(2009).“适应性效率与中国金融的发展：合同及其实施的作用.”制度经济学研究24(2).
[445]张维迎(1995).企业的企业家--契约理论.上海,上海三联书店、上海人民出版社.
[446]张祥龙(1996).海德格尔思想与中国天道；终极视域的开启与交融.北京,生活·读书·新知三联书店.
[447]张祥龙(2008).中华古学与现象学.济南,山东友谊出版社.
[448]张学文(2003).组成论.合肥,中国科学技术大学出版社.
[449]中央电视台经济部(2001).资本市场(2).北京,中国财政经济出版社,北京财经音像出版社.
[450]周霞(2005).广州城市形态演进.北京,中国建筑工业出版社.
[451]周业安(2000).“中国制度变迁的演进论解释.”经济研究(5)：3-11.
[452]祝树金,赖明勇(2004).”经济增长不确定性理论的演化和新进展.”经济评论(6)：65-68.